Advanced Plumbing Techniques for Sydney Experts

Advanced Plumbing Techniques for Sydney Experts

Plumber wrench

Cutting-Edge Leak Detection Methods


In the ever-evolving field of plumbing, staying ahead with advanced techniques is crucial for professionals in Sydney who wish to maintain their edge in the industry. Top 10 Plumbing Tips Every Sydney Homeowner Should Know . One of the most critical areas that demand innovation and expertise is leak detection. Traditional methods, while still in use, are often time-consuming and can be invasive. Therefore, plumbing experts are now turning to cutting-edge leak detection methods that offer precision, efficiency, and minimal disruption.


One of the most significant advancements in leak detection is the use of acoustic sensors. These high-tech devices can detect the sound of water escaping from pipes, even in the most challenging environments. By amplifying the subtle noises of leaks, acoustic sensors allow plumbers to pinpoint the exact location of a problem without the need for extensive excavation or wall removal. This method is particularly beneficial in urban settings like Sydney, where infrastructure can be complex and densely packed.


Another innovative technique gaining traction is thermal imaging technology. By using infrared cameras, plumbers can identify temperature variations caused by leaks in pipes. This method is non-invasive and provides a visual representation of the problem area, making it easier for plumbers to assess and address issues quickly. Thermal imaging is especially useful for detecting leaks in hot water systems, where a temperature differential can be more pronounced.


Moreover, the integration of smart technology in plumbing systems has revolutionized leak detection. Smart leak detectors can be installed in residential and commercial properties to monitor water flow in real-time. These devices alert homeowners or property managers to potential leaks via smartphone apps, allowing for immediate action. This proactive approach not only prevents water damage but also contributes to water conservation efforts, an essential consideration in a city like Sydney, where water resources can be precious.


Additionally, tracer gas technology is another cutting-edge method making waves in the plumbing industry. By introducing a safe, inert gas into the plumbing system, plumbers can detect leaks through specialized sensors that identify the presence of the gas outside the pipe. This technique is highly effective for detecting small or hard-to-find leaks in both water and gas lines.


In conclusion, the adoption of cutting-edge leak detection methods is transforming the plumbing landscape for experts in Sydney. By incorporating these advanced technologies, plumbers can provide more accurate, efficient, and less intrusive services. As the industry continues to evolve, staying abreast of these innovations will be essential for professionals who wish to offer the best possible solutions to their clients. The future of plumbing lies in embracing technology, and Sydneys experts are well-positioned to lead the way.

High-Efficiency Water Heater Installations


In the vibrant city of Sydney, where the blend of iconic landmarks and modern living is ever-present, the need for advanced plumbing techniques has never been more crucial. Among the myriad of innovations in the plumbing industry, high-efficiency water heater installations stand out as a testament to the progressive approach that Sydney experts are adopting to address contemporary challenges.


High-efficiency water heaters are more than just a trend; they represent a significant leap forward in sustainable living.

Advanced Plumbing Techniques for Sydney Experts - Water tank

  • Uniform Plumbing Code
  • Plumbing fixture
  • pipe
  • Air gap (plumbing)
These systems are designed to minimize energy consumption while maximizing output, ensuring that households and businesses in Sydney can enjoy a reliable supply of hot water without the hefty energy bills. The essence of these installations lies in their ability to reduce carbon footprints, an aspect that aligns seamlessly with Sydneys commitment to environmental sustainability.


For plumbing experts in Sydney, the installation of high-efficiency water heaters is not just about fitting a piece of equipment. It involves a deep understanding of the latest technologies, materials, and methods. These professionals are required to be well-versed in the intricacies of different systems, whether they be tankless models, heat pump water heaters, or solar water heating systems. Each type comes with its own set of challenges and benefits, requiring a tailored approach to ensure optimal performance and longevity.


Moreover, the installation process demands precision and expertise. Plumbing experts must assess the specific needs of each building, taking into account factors such as size, usage patterns, and existing infrastructure. This thorough analysis is crucial to determine the most suitable type and size of water heater, ensuring that it can meet the demands of the occupants without unnecessary expenditure of energy.


In addition to technical skills, excellent customer service is a hallmark of Sydneys plumbing experts. Pump They guide clients through the selection process, explaining the benefits of various systems and helping them make informed decisions. This educational component is vital in fostering a community that values and understands the importance of energy efficiency.


The shift towards high-efficiency water heater installations is also reflective of a broader societal change. As Sydney continues to grow and evolve, there is an increasing recognition of the need to embrace technologies that promote sustainability and conservation. By adopting these advanced plumbing techniques, Sydney is not only enhancing the quality of life for its residents but also setting a benchmark for other cities to follow.


In conclusion, high-efficiency water heater installations are a critical component of advanced plumbing techniques that Sydney experts are mastering.

Advanced Plumbing Techniques for Sydney Experts - Pump

  1. Pump
  2. Drain cleaner
  3. Plumbing code
  4. Drain (plumbing)
  5. Flushing trough
  6. Sewer gas
  7. Sanitary sewer
Through their dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer satisfaction, these professionals are playing a pivotal role in shaping a future where efficiency and environmental responsibility go hand in hand. As Sydney continues to thrive, the commitment of its plumbing experts to adopt and promote these technologies ensures that the city remains at the forefront of sustainable urban living.

Sustainable Plumbing Solutions for Urban Environments


In the bustling city of Sydney, where urban landscapes are continually evolving, the demand for sustainable plumbing solutions is more pressing than ever. As the population grows and the infrastructure expands, the need to implement advanced plumbing techniques that cater to both environmental sustainability and efficiency is paramount. Sydney experts are at the forefront of this movement, pioneering innovative approaches to ensure that the citys plumbing systems not only meet the demands of today but also safeguard the resources of tomorrow.


Sustainable plumbing solutions begin with the awareness that water is a precious resource that must be managed judiciously. In Sydney, where water conservation is a critical concern due to variable rainfall patterns and climate change, experts are turning to advanced techniques such as rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling. These methods not only reduce the demand on the municipal water supply but also promote the reuse of water within residential and commercial properties. By capturing rainwater and reusing water from sinks, showers, and washing machines for non-potable purposes, Sydneys plumbing experts are setting new standards in water conservation.


Moreover, the integration of smart technology is revolutionizing the plumbing industry. Smart plumbing systems equipped with sensors and IoT devices offer real-time monitoring and control, which enhances efficiency and reduces water wastage. For instance, leak detection systems can alert property owners to potential issues before they escalate into major problems, saving both water and money. In addition, smart irrigation systems that adjust watering schedules based on weather patterns are gaining popularity, further contributing to sustainable water management in urban environments.


Energy efficiency is another critical aspect of sustainable plumbing solutions. Plumber wrench Sydney experts are advocating for the use of energy-efficient appliances and fixtures, such as low-flow toilets, faucets, and showerheads, which significantly reduce water usage without compromising performance. Additionally, the installation of solar water heaters and heat pump systems is being promoted as a means to harness renewable energy, reducing the reliance on traditional energy sources and lowering carbon footprints.


The adoption of sustainable materials in plumbing infrastructure is also gaining traction. By choosing materials that are durable, non-toxic, and have a lower environmental impact, Sydneys plumbing experts are contributing to the development of a circular economy. For example, the use of recycled or upcycled materials in plumbing installations not only minimizes waste but also supports the principles of sustainability and resource conservation.


In conclusion, sustainable plumbing solutions for urban environments are an essential component of Sydneys strategy to create a resilient and eco-friendly city. Through the implementation of advanced techniques such as water conservation strategies, smart technology integration, energy efficiency measures, and sustainable materials, Sydneys plumbing experts are leading the charge towards a future where urban growth and environmental stewardship go hand in hand. As we look ahead, the continued innovation and commitment of these experts will be crucial in ensuring that Sydney remains a model for sustainable urban living.

Mastering the Art of Pipe Relining and Rehabilitation


In the bustling metropolis of Sydney, where urban expansion and historical charm coexist, the plumbing infrastructure faces unique challenges. As structures age and populations grow, the need for advanced plumbing techniques becomes more pronounced. Among these techniques, mastering the art of pipe relining and rehabilitation has emerged as a pivotal skill for plumbing experts in the city. This method not only addresses the immediate concerns of deteriorating pipelines but also ensures the longevity and efficiency of the entire plumbing system.


Pipe relining is a modern marvel that transforms the way plumbing issues are tackled. Traditionally, damaged pipes required extensive excavation, leading to disruptions, increased costs, and longer repair times. In contrast, pipe relining offers a minimally invasive solution. This technique involves inserting a resin-saturated liner into the existing pipe, which is then inflated and cured to form a durable new pipe within the old one.

Advanced Plumbing Techniques for Sydney Experts - Plumber wrench

  1. Flushing trough
  2. Sewer gas
  3. Sanitary sewer
  4. Uniform Plumbing Code
  5. Plumbing fixture
  6. pipe
This process is not only quicker but also preserves the surrounding environment, minimizing the impact on Sydney's urban landscapes and heritage sites.


For Sydney experts, mastering this technique requires a blend of technical skill and an understanding of the city's unique plumbing landscape. The diverse range of building types, from historic sandstone structures to modern high-rises, presents various challenges that demand tailored solutions. Plumbing Experts must be adept at assessing the specific conditions of each site, determining the most suitable materials and methods to ensure a successful relining.


Moreover, the rehabilitation of plumbing systems through pipe relining offers significant environmental benefits. By extending the life of existing pipes, this method reduces the need for new materials and decreases the waste generated from old pipes. In a city that prides itself on sustainability, this aspect of pipe relining aligns perfectly with Sydney's environmental goals.


The advancement of technology in pipe relining has also been a game-changer. Innovations such as CCTV inspection cameras allow plumbers to accurately diagnose issues and ensure precise application of the relining material. These tools provide experts with the ability to navigate complex plumbing networks with ease, enhancing the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the rehabilitation process.


In conclusion, mastering the art of pipe relining and rehabilitation is essential for Sydney's plumbing experts who strive to offer cutting-edge solutions to the city's unique challenges. This advanced technique not only addresses the immediate need for pipe repair but also contributes to the long-term sustainability and resilience of Sydney's infrastructure. As the city continues to evolve, so too must the skills and methods of those who maintain its vital plumbing systems, ensuring a harmonious balance between progress and preservation.

Plumbing Services Sydney

Pipes and cables in the Large Hadron Collider, an example of the unity between mechanical, electrical and plumbing

Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) refers to the installation of services which provide a functional and comfortable space for the building occupants. In residential and commercial buildings, these elements are often designed by specialized MEP engineers. MEP's design is important for planning, decision-making, accurate documentation, performance- and cost-estimation, construction, and operating/maintaining the resulting facilities.[1]

MEP specifically encompasses the in-depth design and selection of these systems, as opposed to a tradesperson simply installing equipment. For example, a plumber may select and install a commercial hot water system based on common practice and regulatory codes. A team of MEP engineers will research the best design according to the principles of engineering, and supply installers with the specifications they develop. As a result, engineers working in the MEP field must understand a broad range of disciplines, including dynamics, mechanics, fluids, thermodynamics, heat transfer, chemistry, electricity, and computers.[2]

Design and documentation

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As with other aspect of buildings, MEP drafting, design and documentation were traditionally done manually. Computer-aided design has some advantages over this, and often incorporates 3D modeling which is otherwise impractical. Building information modeling provides holistic design and parametric change management of the MEP design.[3]

Maintaining documentation of MEP services may also require the use of a geographical information system or asset management system.

Components of MEP

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Mechanical

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The mechanical component of MEP is an important superset of HVAC services. Thus, it incorporates the control of environmental factors (psychrometrics), either for human comfort or for the operation of machines. Heating, cooling, ventilation and exhaustion are all key areas to consider in the mechanical planning of a building.[4] In special cases, water cooling/heating, humidity control or air filtration[5] may also be incorporated. For example, Google's data centres make extensive use of heat exchangers to cool their servers.[6] This system creates an additional overhead of 12% of initial energy consumption. This is a vast improvement from traditional active cooling units which have an overhead of 30-70%.[6] However, this novel and complicated method requires careful and expensive planning from mechanical engineers, who must work closely with the engineers designing the electrical and plumbing systems for a building.

A major concern for people designing HVAC systems is the efficiency, i.e., the consumption of electricity and water. Efficiency is optimised by changing the design of the system on both large and small scales. Heat pumps[7] and evaporative cooling[8] are efficient alternatives to traditional systems, however they may be more expensive or harder to implement. The job of an MEP engineer is to compare these requirements and choose the most suitable design for the task.

Electricians and plumbers usually have little to do with each other, other than keeping services out of each other's way. The introduction of mechanical systems requires the integration of the two so that plumbing may be controlled by electrics and electrics may be serviced by plumbing. Thus, the mechanical component of MEP unites the three fields.

Electrical

[edit]

Alternating current

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Virtually all modern buildings integrate some form of AC mains electricity for powering domestic and everyday appliances. Such systems typically run between 100 and 500 volts, however their classifications and specifications vary greatly by geographical area (see Mains electricity by country). Mains power is typically distributed through insulated copper wire concealed in the building's subfloor, wall cavities and ceiling cavity. These cables are terminated into sockets mounted to walls, floors or ceilings. Similar techniques are used for lights ("luminaires"), however the two services are usually separated into different circuits with different protection devices at the distribution board.[9] Whilst the wiring for lighting is exclusively managed by electricians, the selection of luminaires or light fittings may be left to building owners or interior designers in some cases.

Telephone wiring from the 1970s. Low voltage cables are often laid across ceiling joists and insulation in roof cavities.

Three-phase power is commonly used for industrial machines, particularly motors and high-load devices. Provision for three-phase power must be considered early in the design stage of a building because it has different regulations to domestic power supplies, and may affect aspects such as cable routes, switchboard location, large external transformers and connection from the street.[9]

Information technology

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Advances in technology and the advent of computer networking have led to the emergence of a new facet of electrical systems incorporating data and telecommunications wiring. As of 2019, several derivative acronyms have been suggested for this area, including MEPIT (mechanical, electrical, plumbing and information technology) and MEPI (an abbreviation of MEPIT).[10] Equivalent names are "low voltage", "data", and "telecommunications" or "comms". A low voltage system used for telecommunications networking is not the same as a low voltage network.

The information technology sector of electrical installations is used for computer networking, telephones, television, security systems, audio distribution, healthcare systems, robotics, and more. These services are typically installed by different tradespeople to the higher-voltage mains wiring and are often contracted out to very specific trades, e.g. security installers or audio integrators.

Regulations on low voltage wiring are often less strict or less important to human safety. As a result, it is more common for this wiring to be installed or serviced by competent amateurs, despite constant attempts from the electrical industry to discourage this.

Plumbing

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A laboratory for testing automotive engines, showing plumbing and electrical setups integrated into the building

Competent design of plumbing systems is necessary to prevent conflicts with other trades, and to avoid expensive rework or surplus supplies. The scope of standard residential plumbing usually covers mains pressure potable water, heated water (in conjunction with mechanical and/or electrical engineers), sewerage, stormwater, natural gas, and sometimes rainwater collection and storage. In commercial environments, these distribution systems expand to accommodate many more users, as well as the addition of other plumbing services such as hydroponics, irrigation, fuels, oxygen, vacuum/compressed air, solids transfer, and more.

Plumbing systems also service air distribution/control, and therefore contribute to the mechanical part of MEP. Plumbing for HVAC systems involves the transfer of coolant, pressurized air, water, and occasionally other substances. Ducting for air transfer may also be consider plumbing, but is generally installed by different tradespeople.[11]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ "MEP makes engineering projects faster and reduces cost". ny-engineers.com.
  2. ^ Fundamentals of Engineering (4th ed.). National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying. 2000.
  3. ^ "Revit MEP: BIM for MEP Engineering" (PDF). Setty.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2014.
  4. ^ "What Is MEP Engineering?". Reference. 4 August 2015. Archived from the original on Mar 24, 2019. Retrieved 2019-03-24.
  5. ^ "Guidance for filtration and air-cleaning systems to protect building environments from airborne chemical, biological, or radiological attacks" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Department of Health and Human Services. 2003-04-01. doi:10.26616/nioshpub2003136. Archived (PDF) from the original on Jan 21, 2024.
  6. ^ a b "Efficiency: How we do it". Google Data Centers. Retrieved 2019-03-24.
  7. ^ Staffell, Iain & Brett, D.J.L. & Brandon, Nigel & Hawkes, Adam. (2012). A review of domestic heat pumps. Energy Environ. Sci.. 5. 9291-9306. 10.1039/C2EE22653G.
  8. ^ Kinney, Larry. New Evaporative Cooling Systems: An Emerging Solution for Homes in Hot Dry Climates with Modest Cooling Loads. Southwest Energy Efficiency Project.
  9. ^ a b AS/NZS 3000:2018 - "Wiring Rules". SAI Global. 2018. ISBN 978-1-76035-993-5.
  10. ^ Sonenshine, Michael (Mar 20, 2019). "Migrate from MEP to MEPIT". LinkedIn. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  11. ^ תיקון ניאגרות סמויות

 

A plumber wrench
A plumber wrench, with the key ring on the thread of the left handle
Johan Petter Johansson with his wrench

A plumber wrench (or plumber's wrench, pipe wrench, Swedish wrench or Swedish pattern wrench[1]) is a form of plier described as a pipe wrench that uses compound leverage to grip and rotate plumbing pipes. Similar to the action of a Vise Grip plier, its jaw opening is adjusted to width by rotating a threaded ring. Its advantage is that it grips with significant force without needing to engage a lock nut like an adjustable tongue-and-groove plier. Like these, it can also be used on nuts, particularly hex shaped, and other flat engagement points. If used carelessly it can dent or break plumbing pipe.[2]

History

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The plumber wrench was invented in 1888 by the Swedish inventor named Johan Petter Johansson. It shares some principles with both the Stillson-pattern pipe wrench and the rigid pipe wrench, as well as various forms of adjustable pliers, such as the Vise Grip and "Channelock" tongue-and-groove plier.

Johansson's tool is used rather than a pair of tongs[clarification needed] to separate or join[clarification needed] pipes.[3] It is not widely known in North America, but is common in Europe.[1]

Johansson also improved the adjustable wrench, with a patent in 1891.[4]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Wrenches and accessories". Atesina S.p.A. Archived from the original on 9 Mar 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-08.
  2. ^ "Plumbing Tools List – List of tools that plumbers use". Certified Plumbing. March 28, 2020. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  3. ^ "The History Of Plumber Wrenches And Their Uses". Plumbers 911. March 21, 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  4. ^ "Who is Bahco?". Bahco. Archived from the original on Nov 27, 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-11.

 

Plumber
Residential plumber at work.
Occupation
Occupation type
Vocational
Activity sectors
Construction
Description
Education required
Industrial Training Institute (ITI), Apprenticeship
Related jobs
Carpenter, electrician

A plumber is a tradesperson who specializes in installing and maintaining systems used for potable (drinking) water, hot-water production, sewage and drainage in plumbing systems.[1][2]

History

[edit]

The origin of the word "plumber" dates from the Roman Empire.[3][4] Roman roofs used lead in conduits and drain pipes[5] and some were also covered with lead; lead was also used for piping and for making baths.[6] The Latin for lead is plumbum. In medieval times, anyone who worked with lead was referred to as a plumber; this can be seen from an extract about workmen fixing a roof in Westminster Palace; they were referred to as plumbers: "To Gilbert de Westminster, plumber, working about the roof of the pantry of the little hall, covering it with lead, and about various defects in the roof of the little hall".[7]

Plumbing activities

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Plumber exiting a sewer via a manhole

Years of training and/or experience are needed to become a skilled plumber; some jurisdictions also require that plumbers be licensed.

Common plumbing tasks and skills include:

  • Reading drawings and specifications, to determine the layout of water supply, waste, and venting systems
  • Detecting faults in plumbing appliances and systems, and correctly diagnosing their causes
  • Installing, repairing and maintaining domestic, commercial, and industrial plumbing fixtures and systems
  • Locating and marking positions for pipe connections, passage holes, and fixtures in walls and floors
  • Measuring, cutting, bending, and threading pipes using hand and power tools or machines
  • Joining pipes and fittings together using soldering techniques, compression fittings, threaded fittings, solvent weld, crimp and push-fit fittings.
  • Testing pipes for leaks using air or water pressure gauges
  • Paying attention, in all work undertaken, to legal regulations and safety issues
  • Ensuring that all safety standards and building regulations are met.

Australia

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Plumbing work is defined in the Australian Standards (AS3500) Regulations 2013 and refers to any operation, work or process in connection with installation, removal, demolition, replacement, alteration, maintenance or repair to the system of pipes and fixtures that conveys clean water into and liquid waste out of a building.

To become a licensed plumber a four-year apprenticeship and a Certificate III in Plumbing is required. As part of this course, instruction in the basics of gas fitting will be undertaken. Upon completion, these basics in gas fitting will allow the plumber to not only apply for their plumbing license but also an interim gas license, and carry out gas work under the supervision of a fully qualified gas fitter.

To obtain a full gas license from the Department of Mines and Energy, the plumber will need to have worked on an interim gas license for a minimum period of twelve months and successfully completed a Certificate IV in Plumbing.

Canada

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In Canada, licensing requirements differ by province; however, the provinces have pooled resources to develop an Interprovincial Program Guide that developed and now maintains apprenticeship training standards across all provinces. The Red Seal Program, formally known as the Interprovincial Standards Red Seal Program, is a program that sets common standards to assess the skills of tradespeople across Canada.[8] The Red Seal, when affixed to a provincial or territorial trade certificate, indicates that a tradesperson has demonstrated the knowledge required for the national standard in that trade.

Colombia

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Plumbing is not regulated in Colombia, so anyone can provide this service. Plumbers usually learn the trade because their families work in the construction industry, and they specialize in this field, but anyone can legally offer plumbing services. The most popular training institution for trades is SENA, a public school that provides high-quality education, though it is not mandatory.

Ireland

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In Ireland, a four-year apprenticeship plus qualification exam was necessary for someone to practice professionally. Accreditation of businesses is of great help in order to show their credibility and experience in the job.

United Kingdom

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National Vocational Qualifications (NVQ) remained the main form of plumbing qualification until they were superseded in 2008 by the Qualification and Credit Framework (QCF)[9] and then again, in 2015, into the National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom. The terms NVQ and SVQ (Scottish Vocational Qualification) are still widely used.[10]

Plumbers in the United Kingdom are required to pass Level 2 and Level 3 vocational requirements of the City and Guilds of London Institute. There are several regulatory bodies in the United Kingdom providing accredited plumbing qualifications, including City and Guilds of London Institute and Pearson PLC.[11]

United States

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Each state and locality may have its own licensing and taxing schemes for plumbers. Some states license journeymen and master plumbers separately, while others license only master plumbers. To become licensed, plumbers must meet standards for training and experience, and in most cases, pass a certification exam.[12] There is no federal law establishing licenses for plumbers.[13]

Dangers

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There are many types of dangers to a plumber. These include electric shock, strains and sprains, cuts and lacerations, bruises and contusions, fractures, burns and scalds, foreign bodies in the eye, and hernias.[14] Working at height or in confined spaces, or working with lead and asbestos are all on-site dangers that plumbers can face.[15]

Infectious disease risks

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Plumbers risk infections[16] when dealing with human waste while repairing sewage systems. Microbes can be excreted in the faecal matter or vomit of the sufferer onto the toilet or sewage pipes. Human waste can contain infectious diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, polio, cryptosporidiosis, ascariasis, and schistosomiasis.

Other uses

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The term "White House Plumbers" was a popular name given to the covert White House Special Investigations Unit established on July 24, 1971, during the presidency of Richard Nixon. Their job was to plug intelligence "leaks" in the U.S. Government relating to the Vietnam War (i.e. the Pentagon Papers); hence the term "plumbers".[17]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Whitney, William D., ed.. "Trade." Def, 7. The Century Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language vol. 8. New York. The Century Co. 1895. 6,415. Print.
  2. ^ Employment and Occupations in the Skilled Trades in Michigan Archived 2017-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, Michigan Department of Technology, Management, and Budget, Bureau of Labor Market Information and Strategic Initiatives (June 2013).
  3. ^ Pulsifer, William H. Notes For a History of Lead, New York University Press, 1888 pp. 132, 158
  4. ^ "plumber (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  5. ^ Middleton, The Remains of Ancient Rome, Vol. 2, A & C Black, 1892
  6. ^ Historical production and uses of lead. ila-lead.org
  7. ^ EW Wedlake; J Britton (1836). "Westminster Palace". The history of the ancient palace and late Houses of Parliament at Westminster. J B Nichols and son. p. 122. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  8. ^ "Red Seal Program".
  9. ^ "Plumbing Qualifications in the UK". Local Heroes. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  10. ^ "Plumbing Qualifications in the UK". Local Heroes. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  11. ^ "Plumbing Qualifications in the UK". Local Heroes. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  12. ^ "How to Become a Plumber".
  13. ^ "How to Become a Plumber in the USA". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  14. ^ "Injuries and Accident Causes in Plumbing Operations" United States Department of Labor. 1949
  15. ^ "9 Hazards Plumbers Should be Aware of". 15 January 2018.
  16. ^ "Infectious disease risks associated with occupational exposure: a systematic review of the literature"
  17. ^ "II. The Plumbers". The Atlantic. Retrieved 17 September 2013. In the early evening of June 17, 1971, Henry Kissinger held forth in the Oval Office, telling his President, and John Ehrlichman and Bob Haldeman, all about Daniel Ellsberg. Kissinger's comments were recorded, of course, on the hidden White House taping system, and four years later, a portion of that tape was listened to by the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, which was then investigating the internal White House police unit known as the Plumbers.