Building on their proactive financial advice, IBB Accounting & Tax Services also excels in managing audits and reviews, ensuring your business remains compliant and confident under scrutiny. They're ready to support you at every turn, making sure that your financial foundation is solid as you build and expand your dream into a thriving business. Learn more about Certified Accountant North Vancouver here We're not just ticking boxes; we're offering peace of mind that your financial statements truly reflect your business's financial position. And tech companies, often at the forefront of innovation but also tax scrutiny, can rely on us to optimize their R&D tax credits and other incentives. Whether you're a startup, a small business, or a large corporation, we can scale our services to align with your company's growth.
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Development was slow at the outset. The population of the district in the 1901 census was only 365 people. Keith joined Edwin Mahon and together they controlled North Vancouver Land & Improvement Company. Soon the pace of development around the foot of Lonsdale began to pick up. The first school was opened in 1902. The district was able to build a municipal hall in 1903 and actually have meetings in North Vancouver (instead of in Vancouver where most of the landowners lived). The first bank and first newspaper arrived in 1905. In 1906 the BC Electric Railway Company opened up a street car line that extended from the ferry wharf up Lonsdale to 12th Street. By 1911 the streetcar system extended west to the Capilano River and east to Lynn Valley.
This clarity allows you to pivot swiftly, seize opportunities, and sidestep potential pitfalls. They understand that handling payroll can be complex and time-consuming. It's essential to view saving not as an optional extra but as a fundamental part of your business strategy. This will help you identify patterns and foresee potential shortfalls before they become problems. Our goal is to help you make informed decisions that will foster a sustainable competitive advantage.
At IBB Accounting & Tax Services, our expert team brings together seasoned professionals with a passion for delivering top-tier accounting solutions. Beyond optimizing your investments, we're here to provide strategic business advice that drives your company's growth and efficiency. With IBB Accounting & Tax Services, you're not just meeting your tax obligations; you're setting the foundation for future growth and success. We understand that every dollar counts when you're just starting out, so we're committed to finding you savings wherever possible.
Let's help you turn your financial goals into reality with solutions that are as unique as you are. That's why we're committed to providing you with personalized attention and tailored solutions that meet your unique needs. Moreover, we offer customized payroll solutions tailored to meet the unique needs of your business. Let's handle the complexities of accounting and tax services, so you can focus on what you do best-growing your business or advancing your professional career.
That's why we offer a suite of services designed to keep your finances in top shape while you focus on expanding your operations. As we explore the depth of services offered by IBB, from tailoring solutions for the real estate sector to navigating the challenges of the IT industry, you'll uncover how they've become an integral part of their clients' success stories.
In essence, IBB Accounting & Tax Services offers you a partnership that goes beyond mere accounting. Let's explore how their comprehensive services and tailored approach can transform your financial management strategy, ensuring you're not only compliant, but thriving. You've seen the landscape of taxation and accounting evolve, and IBB has been your steadfast partner through every change.
This approach ensures that your financial goals aren't just met but are achieved in a way that reflects your personal values and vision. We assess your risk tolerance, investment preferences, and expected retirement lifestyle to design a plan that's both realistic and ambitious. Our wealth management services include investment advice, retirement planning, estate planning, and risk management. With accurate financial reporting, you're not just keeping the tax authorities at bay; you're also gaining valuable insights into your business operations.
They understand the unique challenges you face as a Certified Accountant North Vancouver entrepreneur and offer tailored solutions that help your business not only survive but thrive. Whether you're navigating financial challenges, preparing for an audit, or seeking year-round consultation, their expertise is designed to support your venture's growth and financial health. They'll dive deep into your financials, identifying opportunities for tax savings and advising on how to best structure your business to minimize liabilities. They're not just about crunching numbers; they're about setting you up for success.
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Whether it's optimizing your tax strategy, streamlining your expenses, or finding new revenue streams, IBB is there to guide you. That's why their approach is tailored to break down the process into manageable steps. Our team specializes in systems that streamline these processes, ensuring accuracy and efficiency. It's a no-pressure environment where you can ask questions and get a feel for how IBB operates. If you're curious about how IBB Accounting & Tax Services can elevate your financial management strategy, stay tuned to uncover the stories of client success and innovation that set them apart.
They're always available to answer your questions, provide clarifications, and offer advice tailored to your specific situation. At IBB Accounting & Tax Services, they don't just prioritize the latest software and tools; they commit to clear, honest communication and ethical practices that build trust.
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Finance |
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Finance refers to monetary resources and to the study and discipline of money, currency, assets and liabilities.[a] As a subject of study, it is related to but distinct from economics, which is the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.[b] Based on the scope of financial activities in financial systems, the discipline can be divided into personal, corporate, and public finance.
In these financial systems, assets are bought, sold, or traded as financial instruments, such as currencies, loans, bonds, shares, stocks, options, futures, etc. Assets can also be banked, invested, and insured to maximize value and minimize loss. In practice, risks are always present in any financial action and entities.
Due to its wide scope, a broad range of subfields exists within finance. Asset-, money-, risk- and investment management aim to maximize value and minimize volatility. Financial analysis assesses the viability, stability, and profitability of an action or entity. Some fields are multidisciplinary, such as mathematical finance, financial law, financial economics, financial engineering and financial technology. These fields are the foundation of business and accounting. In some cases, theories in finance can be tested using the scientific method, covered by experimental finance.
The early history of finance parallels the early history of money, which is prehistoric. Ancient and medieval civilizations incorporated basic functions of finance, such as banking, trading and accounting, into their economies. In the late 19th century, the global financial system was formed.
In the middle of the 20th century, finance emerged as a distinct academic discipline,[c] separate from economics.[1] The earliest doctoral programs in finance were established in the 1960s and 1970s.[2] Today, finance is also widely studied through career-focused undergraduate and master's level programs.[3][4]
As outlined, the financial system consists of the flows of capital that take place between individuals and households (personal finance), governments (public finance), and businesses (corporate finance). "Finance" thus studies the process of channeling money from savers and investors to entities that need it. [d] Savers and investors have money available which could earn interest or dividends if put to productive use. Individuals, companies and governments must obtain money from some external source, such as loans or credit, when they lack sufficient funds to run their operations.
In general, an entity whose income exceeds its expenditure can lend or invest the excess, intending to earn a fair return. Correspondingly, an entity where income is less than expenditure can raise capital usually in one of two ways: (i) by borrowing in the form of a loan (private individuals), or by selling government or corporate bonds; (ii) by a corporation selling equity, also called stock or shares (which may take various forms: preferred stock or common stock). The owners of both bonds and stock may be institutional investors—financial institutions such as investment banks and pension funds—or private individuals, called private investors or retail investors. (See Financial market participants.)
The lending is often indirect, through a financial intermediary such as a bank, or via the purchase of notes or bonds (corporate bonds, government bonds, or mutual bonds) in the bond market. The lender receives interest, the borrower pays a higher interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary earns the difference for arranging the loan.[6][7][8] A bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders. A bank accepts deposits from lenders, on which it pays interest. The bank then lends these deposits to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders, of different sizes, to coordinate their activity.
Investing typically entails the purchase of stock, either individual securities or via a mutual fund, for example. Stocks are usually sold by corporations to investors so as to raise required capital in the form of "equity financing", as distinct from the debt financing described above. The financial intermediaries here are the investment banks. The investment banks find the initial investors and facilitate the listing of the securities, typically shares and bonds. Additionally, they facilitate the securities exchanges, which allow their trade thereafter, as well as the various service providers which manage the performance or risk of these investments. These latter include mutual funds, pension funds, wealth managers, and stock brokers, typically servicing retail investors (private individuals).
Inter-institutional trade and investment, and fund-management at this scale, is referred to as "wholesale finance". Institutions here extend the products offered, with related trading, to include bespoke options, swaps, and structured products, as well as specialized financing; this "financial engineering" is inherently mathematical, and these institutions are then the major employers of "quants" (see below). In these institutions, risk management, regulatory capital, and compliance play major roles.
As outlined, finance comprises, broadly, the three areas of personal finance, corporate finance, and public finance. These, in turn, overlap and employ various activities and sub-disciplines—chiefly investments, risk management, and quantitative finance.
Personal finance refers to the practice of budgeting to ensure enough funds are available to meet basic needs, while ensuring there is only a reasonable level of risk to lose said capital. Personal finance may involve paying for education, financing durable goods such as real estate and cars, buying insurance, investing, and saving for retirement.[9] Personal finance may also involve paying for a loan or other debt obligations. The main areas of personal finance are considered to be income, spending, saving, investing, and protection. The following steps, as outlined by the Financial Planning Standards Board,[10] suggest that an individual will understand a potentially secure personal finance plan after:
Corporate finance deals with the actions that managers take to increase the value of the firm to the shareholders, the sources of funding and the capital structure of corporations, and the tools and analysis used to allocate financial resources. While corporate finance is in principle different from managerial finance, which studies the financial management of all firms rather than corporations alone, the concepts are applicable to the financial problems of all firms,[12] and this area is then often referred to as "business finance".
Typically, "corporate finance" relates to the long term objective of maximizing the value of the entity's assets, its stock, and its return to shareholders, while also balancing risk and profitability. This entails[13] three primary areas:
The latter creates the link with investment banking and securities trading, as above, in that the capital raised will generically comprise debt, i.e. corporate bonds, and equity, often listed shares. Re risk management within corporates, see below.
Financial managers—i.e. as distinct from corporate financiers—focus more on the short term elements of profitability, cash flow, and "working capital management" (inventory, credit and debtors), ensuring that the firm can safely and profitably carry out its financial and operational objectives; i.e. that it: (1) can service both maturing short-term debt repayments, and scheduled long-term debt payments, and (2) has sufficient cash flow for ongoing and upcoming operational expenses. (See Financial management and FP&A.)
Public finance describes finance as related to sovereign states, sub-national entities, and related public entities or agencies. It generally encompasses a long-term strategic perspective regarding investment decisions that affect public entities.[15] These long-term strategic periods typically encompass five or more years.[16] Public finance is primarily concerned with:[17]
Central banks, such as the Federal Reserve System banks in the United States and the Bank of England in the United Kingdom, are strong players in public finance. They act as lenders of last resort as well as strong influences on monetary and credit conditions in the economy.[18]
Development finance, which is related, concerns investment in economic development projects provided by a (quasi) governmental institution on a non-commercial basis; these projects would otherwise not be able to get financing. A public–private partnership is primarily used for infrastructure projects: a private sector corporate provides the financing up-front, and then draws profits from taxpayers or users. Climate finance, and the related Environmental finance, address the financial strategies, resources and instruments used in climate change mitigation.
Investment management[12] is the professional asset management of various securities—typically shares and bonds, but also other assets, such as real estate, commodities and alternative investments—in order to meet specified investment goals for the benefit of investors.
As above, investors may be institutions, such as insurance companies, pension funds, corporations, charities, educational establishments, or private investors, either directly via investment contracts or, more commonly, via collective investment schemes like mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, or real estate investment trusts.
At the heart of investment management[12] is asset allocation—diversifying the exposure among these asset classes, and among individual securities within each asset class—as appropriate to the client's investment policy, in turn, a function of risk profile, investment goals, and investment horizon (see Investor profile). Here:
Overlaid is the portfolio manager's investment style—broadly, active vs passive, value vs growth, and small cap vs. large cap—and investment strategy.
In a well-diversified portfolio, achieved investment performance will, in general, largely be a function of the asset mix selected, while the individual securities are less impactful. The specific approach or philosophy will also be significant, depending on the extent to which it is complementary with the market cycle.
Additional to diversification, the fundamental risk mitigant here, investment managers will apply various hedging techniques as appropriate,[12] these may relate to the portfolio as a whole or to individual stocks. Bond portfolios are often (instead) managed via cash flow matching or immunization, while for derivative portfolios and positions, traders use "the Greeks" to measure and then offset sensitivities. In parallel, managers – active and passive – will monitor tracking error, thereby minimizing and preempting any underperformance vs their "benchmark".
A quantitative fund is managed using computer-based mathematical techniques (increasingly, machine learning) instead of human judgment. The actual trading is typically automated via sophisticated algorithms.
Risk management, in general, is the study of how to control risks and balance the possibility of gains; it is the process of measuring risk and then developing and implementing strategies to manage that risk. Financial risk management[20][21] is the practice of protecting corporate value against financial risks, often by "hedging" exposure to these using financial instruments. The focus is particularly on credit and market risk, and in banks, through regulatory capital, includes operational risk.
Financial risk management is related to corporate finance[12] in two ways. Firstly, firm exposure to market risk is a direct result of previous capital investments and funding decisions; while credit risk arises from the business's credit policy and is often addressed through credit insurance and provisioning. Secondly, both disciplines share the goal of enhancing or at least preserving, the firm's economic value, and in this context[22] overlaps also enterprise risk management, typically the domain of strategic management. Here, businesses devote much time and effort to forecasting, analytics and performance monitoring. (See ALM and treasury management.)
For banks and other wholesale institutions,[23] risk management focuses on managing, and as necessary hedging, the various positions held by the institution—both trading positions and long term exposures—and on calculating and monitoring the resultant economic capital, and regulatory capital under Basel III. The calculations here are mathematically sophisticated, and within the domain of quantitative finance as below. Credit risk is inherent in the business of banking, but additionally, these institutions are exposed to counterparty credit risk. Banks typically employ Middle office "Risk Groups", whereas front office risk teams provide risk "services" (or "solutions") to customers.
Insurers [24] manage their own risks with a focus on solvency and the ability to pay claims: Life Insurers are concerned more with longevity risk and interest rate risk; Short-Term Insurers (Property, Health,Casualty) emphasize catastrophe- and claims volatility risks. For expected claims reserves are set aside periodically, while to absorb unexpected losses, a minimum level of capital is maintained.
Quantitative finance—also referred to as "mathematical finance"—includes those finance activities where a sophisticated mathematical model is required,[25] and thus overlaps several of the above.
As a specialized practice area, quantitative finance comprises primarily three sub-disciplines; the underlying theory and techniques are discussed in the next section:
DCF valuation formula widely applied in business and finance, since articulated in 1938. Here, to get the value of the firm, its forecasted free cash flows are discounted to the present using the weighted average cost of capital for the discount factor. For share valuation investors use the related dividend discount model. |
Financial theory is studied and developed within the disciplines of management, (financial) economics, accountancy and applied mathematics. In the abstract,[12][26] finance is concerned with the investment and deployment of assets and liabilities over "space and time"; i.e., it is about performing valuation and asset allocation today, based on the risk and uncertainty of future outcomes while appropriately incorporating the time value of money. Determining the present value of these future values, "discounting", must be at the risk-appropriate discount rate, in turn, a major focus of finance-theory.[27]As financial theory has roots in many disciplines, including mathematics, statistics, economics, physics, and psychology, it can be considered a mix of an art and science,[28] and there are ongoing related efforts to organize a list of unsolved problems in finance.
Managerial finance [30] is the branch of finance that deals with the financial aspects of the management of a company, and the financial dimension of managerial decision-making more broadly. It provides the theoretical underpin for the practice described above, concerning itself with the managerial application of the various finance techniques. Academics working in this area are typically based in business school finance departments, in accounting, or in management science.
The tools addressed and developed relate in the main to managerial accounting and corporate finance: the former allow management to better understand, and hence act on, financial information relating to profitability and performance; the latter, as above, are about optimizing the overall financial structure, including its impact on working capital. Key aspects of managerial finance thus include:
The discussion, however, extends to business strategy more broadly, emphasizing alignment with the company's overall strategic objectives; and similarly incorporates the managerial perspectives of planning, directing, and controlling.
Financial economics[32] is the branch of economics that studies the interrelation of financial variables, such as prices, interest rates and shares, as opposed to real economic variables, i.e. goods and services. It thus centers on pricing, decision making, and risk management in the financial markets,[32][26] and produces many of the commonly employed financial models. (Financial econometrics is the branch of financial economics that uses econometric techniques to parameterize the relationships suggested.)
The discipline has two main areas of focus:[26] asset pricing and corporate finance; the first being the perspective of providers of capital, i.e. investors, and the second of users of capital; respectively:
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Financial mathematics[34] is the field of applied mathematics concerned with financial markets; Louis Bachelier's doctoral thesis, defended in 1900, is considered to be the first scholarly work in this area. The field is largely focused on the modeling of derivatives—with much emphasis on interest rate- and credit risk modeling—while other important areas include insurance mathematics and quantitative portfolio management. Relatedly, the techniques developed are applied to pricing and hedging a wide range of asset-backed, government, and corporate-securities.
As above, in terms of practice, the field is referred to as quantitative finance and / or mathematical finance, and comprises primarily the three areas discussed. The main mathematical tools and techniques are, correspondingly:
Mathematically, these separate into two analytic branches: derivatives pricing uses risk-neutral probability (or arbitrage-pricing probability), denoted by "Q"; while risk and portfolio management generally use physical (or actual or actuarial) probability, denoted by "P". These are interrelated through the above "Fundamental theorem of asset pricing".
The subject has a close relationship with financial economics, which, as outlined, is concerned with much of the underlying theory that is involved in financial mathematics: generally, financial mathematics will derive and extend the mathematical models suggested. Computational finance is the branch of (applied) computer science that deals with problems of practical interest in finance, and especially[34] emphasizes the numerical methods applied here.
Experimental finance[37] aims to establish different market settings and environments to experimentally observe and provide a lens through which science can analyze agents' behavior and the resulting characteristics of trading flows, information diffusion, and aggregation, price setting mechanisms, and returns processes. Researchers in experimental finance can study to what extent existing financial economics theory makes valid predictions and therefore prove them, as well as attempt to discover new principles on which such theory can be extended and be applied to future financial decisions. Research may proceed by conducting trading simulations or by establishing and studying the behavior of people in artificial, competitive, market-like settings.
Behavioral finance studies how the psychology of investors or managers affects financial decisions and markets[38] and is relevant when making a decision that can impact either negatively or positively on one of their areas. With more in-depth research into behavioral finance, it is possible to bridge what actually happens in financial markets with analysis based on financial theory.[39] Behavioral finance has grown over the last few decades to become an integral aspect of finance.[40]
Behavioral finance includes such topics as:
A strand of behavioral finance has been dubbed quantitative behavioral finance, which uses mathematical and statistical methodology to understand behavioral biases in conjunction with valuation.
Quantum finance involves applying quantum mechanical approaches to financial theory, providing novel methods and perspectives in the field.[41] Quantum finance is an interdisciplinary field, in which theories and methods developed by quantum physicists and economists are applied to solve financial problems. It represents a branch known as econophysics. Although quantum computational methods have been around for quite some time and use the basic principles of physics to better understand the ways to implement and manage cash flows, it is mathematics that is actually important in this new scenario[42] Finance theory is heavily based on financial instrument pricing such as stock option pricing. Many of the problems facing the finance community have no known analytical solution. As a result, numerical methods and computer simulations for solving these problems have proliferated. This research area is known as computational finance. Many computational finance problems have a high degree of computational complexity and are slow to converge to a solution on classical computers. In particular, when it comes to option pricing, there is additional complexity resulting from the need to respond to quickly changing markets. For example, in order to take advantage of inaccurately priced stock options, the computation must complete before the next change in the almost continuously changing stock market. As a result, the finance community is always looking for ways to overcome the resulting performance issues that arise when pricing options. This has led to research that applies alternative computing techniques to finance. Most commonly used quantum financial models are quantum continuous model, quantum binomial model, multi-step quantum binomial model etc.
The origin of finance can be traced to the beginning of state formation and trade during the Bronze Age. The earliest historical evidence of finance is dated to around 3000 BCE. Banking originated in West Asia, where temples and palaces were used as safe places for the storage of valuables. Initially, the only valuable that could be deposited was grain, but cattle and precious materials were eventually included. During the same period, the Sumerian city of Uruk in Mesopotamia supported trade by lending as well as the use of interest. In Sumerian, "interest" was mas, which translates to "calf". In Greece and Egypt, the words used for interest, tokos and ms respectively, meant "to give birth". In these cultures, interest indicated a valuable increase, and seemed to consider it from the lender's point of view.[43] The Code of Hammurabi (1792–1750 BCE) included laws governing banking operations. The Babylonians were accustomed to charging interest at the rate of 20 percent per year. By 1200 BCE, cowrie shells were used as a form of money in China.
The use of coins as a means of representing money began in the years between 700 and 500 BCE.[44] Herodotus mentions the use of crude coins in Lydia around 687 BCE and, by 640 BCE, the Lydians had started to use coin money more widely and opened permanent retail shops.[45] Shortly after, cities in Classical Greece, such as Aegina, Athens, and Corinth, started minting their own coins between 595 and 570 BCE. During the Roman Republic, interest was outlawed by the Lex Genucia reforms in 342 BCE, though the provision went largely unenforced. Under Julius Caesar, a ceiling on interest rates of 12% was set, and much later under Justinian it was lowered even further to between 4% and 8%.[46]
The first stock exchange was opened in Antwerp in 1531.[47] Since then, popular exchanges such as the London Stock Exchange (founded in 1773) and the New York Stock Exchange (founded in 1793) were created.[48][49]
growth of behavioral finance.
The 'Nieuwe Beurs' was built in 1531 because the 'Old Beurs' in Hofstraat had become too small. It was the first stock exchange ever built specifically for that purpose and later became the example for all stock exchange buildings in the world.
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This article needs to be updated.(December 2024)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2024)
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North Vancouver
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The Corporation of the City of North Vancouver | |
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Nickname:
North Van
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![]() Location of the City of North Vancouver in Metro Vancouver
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Coordinates: 49°19′N 123°4′W / 49.317°N 123.067°W | |
Country | Canada |
Province | British Columbia |
Regional district | Metro Vancouver |
Incorporated | May 13, 1907[1] |
Seat | North Vancouver City Hall |
Government | |
• Type | Mayor-council government |
• Mayor | Linda Buchanan |
• Council |
List of councillors
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• MP | Jonathan Wilkinson (Liberal) |
• MLA | Bowinn Ma (BC NDP) |
Area | |
• Land | 11.83 km2 (4.57 sq mi) |
Elevation
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80 m (260 ft) |
Population
(2021)[3]
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• Total
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58,120 |
• Estimate
(2023)[4]
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64,847 |
• Density | 4,913.0/km2 (12,725/sq mi) |
Demonym | North Vancouverite |
Time zone | UTC-8 (PST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
Forward sortation area | |
Area codes | 604, 778, 236, 672 |
Website | cnv |
The City of North Vancouver is a city municipality on the North Shore of the Burrard Inlet, in British Columbia, Canada. Anchored by the downtown town centre of Lonsdale, with which its urban core is largely synonymous, it consists of the smallest and most urbanized of the communities situated north of the city of Vancouver, and is part of the Metro Vancouver regional district, though it has significant industry of its own – including shipping, chemical production, and film production. The city is served by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, British Columbia Ambulance Service, and the North Vancouver City Fire Department.
In the 1880s, Arthur Heywood-Lonsdale and a relation James Pemberton Fell, made substantial investments through their company, Lonsdale Estates, and in 1882 he financed the Moodyville investments. Several locations in the North Vancouver area are named after Lonsdale and his family.[5]
Not long after the District of North Vancouver was formed, an early land developer and second reeve of the new council, James Cooper Keith, personally underwrote a loan[6] to commence construction of a road which undulated from West Vancouver to Deep Cove amid the slashed sidehills, swamps, and burnt stumps. The road, sometimes under different names and not always contiguous, is still one of the most important east-west thoroughfare carrying traffic across the North Shore.
Development was slow at the outset. The population of the district in the 1901 census was only 365 people.[6] Keith joined Edwin Mahon and together they controlled North Vancouver Land & Improvement Company. Soon the pace of development around the foot of Lonsdale began to pick up. The first school was opened in 1902. The district was able to build a municipal hall in 1903 and actually have meetings in North Vancouver (instead of in Vancouver where most of the landowners lived).[citation needed] The first bank and first newspaper arrived in 1905. In 1906 the BC Electric Railway Company opened up a street car line that extended from the ferry wharf up Lonsdale to 12th Street. By 1911 the streetcar system extended west to the Capilano River and east to Lynn Valley.[citation needed]
The owners of businesses who operated on Lonsdale, as part of an initiative led by Keith and Mahon, brought a petition to the district council in 1905, calling for a new, compact city to be carved out of the unwieldy district.[citation needed]
During the ensuing two years there was much and sometimes heated debate. Some thought the new city should have a new name such as Northport, Hillmont or Parkhill. Burrard became the favourite of the new names but majority view was that North Vancouver remain in order to remain associated with the rising credibility of Vancouver in financial markets and as a place to attract immigrants.[7]
Some thought the boundary of the new city should reflect geography and extend from Lynn Creek or Seymour River west to the Capilano River and extend three miles up the mountainside.[citation needed] That the boundary of the city which came into existence in 1907 just happened to match that of the lands owned by the North Vancouver Land & Improvement Company and Lonsdale Estate was no accident. Since the motivation for creating the city was to reserve local tax revenue for the work of putting in services for the property owned by the major developers, there was little reason to take on any of the burden beyond the extent of their holdings.[citation needed]
Residents in west part of the District of North Vancouver now had less reason to be connected with what remained and they petitioned to create the District of West Vancouver (the west part of the North Shore, not the west side of Vancouver) in 1912.[citation needed] The eastern boundary of that new municipality is for the most part the Capilano River and a community that is easily distinguished from the two North Vancouvers has since developed.
The City of North Vancouver continued to grow around the foot of Lonsdale Avenue. Serviced by the North Vancouver Ferries, it proved a popular area. Commuters used the ferries to work in Vancouver. Street cars and early land speculation, spurred interest in the area. Streets, city blocks and houses were slowly built around lower Lonsdale. Wallace Shipyards, and the Pacific Great Eastern Railway provided an industrial base, although, the late arrival of the Second Narrows railway bridge in 1925 controlled development.
The Depression again bankrupted the city, while the Second World War turned North Vancouver into the Clydeside of Canada with a large shipbuilding program. Housing the shipyard workers provided a new building boom, which continued on through the post-war years. By that time, North Vancouver became a popular housing area.
The City of North Vancouver is separated from Vancouver by the Burrard Inlet, and it is surrounded on three sides by the District of North Vancouver. The city has much in common with the district and with West Vancouver; together, the three are commonly referred to as the North Shore.
The City of North Vancouver is relatively densely populated with a number of residential high-rise buildings in the Central Lonsdale and Lower Lonsdale areas.
The North Shore mountains have many drainages: Capilano River, MacKay, Mosquito, and Lynn Creeks, and Seymour River.
North Vancouver has an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) with cool, rainy winters and dry, warm summers.
Climate data for North Vancouver (N Vancouver 2ND Narrows) (Elevation: 4m) 1981−2010 | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 262.2 (10.32) |
172.3 (6.78) |
168.4 (6.63) |
136.3 (5.37) |
103.3 (4.07) |
82.5 (3.25) |
53.2 (2.09) |
54.9 (2.16) |
76.8 (3.02) |
189.0 (7.44) |
293.4 (11.55) |
238.6 (9.39) |
1,830.8 (72.08) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 255.3 (10.05) |
167.7 (6.60) |
166.8 (6.57) |
136.1 (5.36) |
103.3 (4.07) |
82.5 (3.25) |
53.2 (2.09) |
54.9 (2.16) |
76.8 (3.02) |
189.0 (7.44) |
290.2 (11.43) |
229.9 (9.05) |
1,805.6 (71.09) |
Average snowfall cm (inches) | 6.9 (2.7) |
5.2 (2.0) |
1.6 (0.6) |
0.2 (0.1) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.0) |
2.3 (0.9) |
8.7 (3.4) |
24.9 (9.8) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 20.5 | 15.5 | 18.0 | 15.4 | 13.8 | 11.7 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 9.6 | 16.1 | 20.9 | 20.3 | 175.9 |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 19.7 | 15.1 | 17.9 | 15.4 | 13.8 | 11.7 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 9.6 | 16.0 | 20.7 | 19.6 | 173.5 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 1.7 | 0.92 | 0.54 | 0.12 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.08 | 0.72 | 2.2 | 6.2 |
Source: Environment Canada (normals, 1981−2010)[8] |
Mayor | Linda Buchanan (2018, 2022) |
Councillors | Holly Back (2018, 2022), Don Bell (2011, 2014, 2018, 2022), Angela Girard (2018, 2022), Jessica McIlroy (2018, 2022), Tony Valente (2018, 2022), Shervin Shahriari (2022) |
Provincial MLA | Bowinn Ma (North Vancouver-Lonsdale) |
MP | Jonathan Wilkinson (North Vancouver) |
The area around lower Lonsdale Avenue features several open community spaces, including Waterfront Park, Lonsdale Quay, Ship Builders Square and the Burrard Dry Dock Pier.
Other sites of interest in the city include:[9][10][11]
The City of North Vancouver is connected to Vancouver by two highway bridges (the Lions Gate Bridge and the Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing) and by a passenger ferry, the SeaBus. That system and the bus system in North Vancouver is operated by Coast Mountain Bus Company, an operating company of TransLink. The hub of the bus system is Lonsdale Quay, the location of the SeaBus terminal. Currently, there is no rail transit service on the North Shore.
The main street in the city is Lonsdale Avenue, which begins at Lonsdale Quay and goes north to 29th Street, where it continues in the District of North Vancouver, ending at Rockland Road.
Highway 1, the Trans-Canada Highway (often referred to as the "Upper Levels Highway") passes through the northern portion of the city. It is a freeway for its entire length within the City of North Vancouver. There are six interchanges on Highway 1 within the City of North Vancouver:
Public schools are managed by the North Vancouver School District, which operates 8 high schools and 30 elementary schools shared by the city and the District of North Vancouver.
The Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique operates one Francophone school in that city: école André-Piolat, which has both primary and secondary levels.[12]
There are also several independent private elementary and high schools in the area, including Bodwell High School and Lions Gate Christian Academy.
Post-secondary education is available at Capilano University in the district, as well as at Simon Fraser University and the University of British Columbia in neighbouring communities.
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1911 | 8,196 | — |
1921 | 7,652 | −6.6% |
1931 | 8,510 | +11.2% |
1941 | 8,914 | +4.7% |
1951 | 15,687 | +76.0% |
1961 | 23,656 | +50.8% |
1971 | 31,847 | +34.6% |
1981 | 33,640 | +5.6% |
1991 | 41,475 | +23.3% |
2001 | 44,303 | +6.8% |
2006 | 45,165 | +1.9% |
2011 | 48,196 | +6.7% |
2016 | 52,898 | +9.8% |
2021 | 58,120 | +9.9% |
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, North Vancouver had a population of 58,120 living in 27,293 of its 29,021 total private dwellings, a change of 9.9% from its 2016 population of 52,898. With a land area of 11.83 km2 (4.57 sq mi), it had a population density of 4,912.9/km2 (12,724.4/sq mi) in 2021.[3]
As of the 2011 census, the median age was 41.2 years old, which is a bit higher than the national median age at 40.6 years old. There are 24,206 private dwellings with an occupancy rate of 94.1%. According to the 2011 National Household Survey, the median value of a dwelling in North Vancouver is $599,985 which is significantly higher than the national average at $280,552. The median household income (after-taxes) in North Vancouver is $52,794, a bit lower than the national average at $54,089.
North Vancouver has one of the highest Middle Eastern[a] population ratios for any Canadian city at 11.3% as of 2021, with the vast majority being Persian.[13]
Panethnic group |
2021[13] | 2016[14] | 2011[15] | 2006[16] | 2001[17] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
European[b] | 35,420 | 61.59% | 34,695 | 66.48% | 32,800 | 68.78% | 32,160 | 71.69% | 32,960 | 75.03% |
Middle Eastern[a] | 6,510 | 11.32% | 4,575 | 8.77% | 3,655 | 7.66% | 3,155 | 7.03% | 3,015 | 6.86% |
East Asian[c] | 5,195 | 9.03% | 4,260 | 8.16% | 3,775 | 7.92% | 3,995 | 8.91% | 3,255 | 7.41% |
Southeast Asian[d] | 4,220 | 7.34% | 3,715 | 7.12% | 3,470 | 7.28% | 2,150 | 4.79% | 1,650 | 3.76% |
South Asian | 2,100 | 3.65% | 1,840 | 3.53% | 1,475 | 3.09% | 1,340 | 2.99% | 980 | 2.23% |
Indigenous | 1,230 | 2.14% | 1,150 | 2.2% | 970 | 2.03% | 925 | 2.06% | 1,015 | 2.31% |
Latin American | 1,210 | 2.1% | 840 | 1.61% | 585 | 1.23% | 430 | 0.96% | 470 | 1.07% |
African | 550 | 0.96% | 485 | 0.93% | 390 | 0.82% | 315 | 0.7% | 315 | 0.72% |
Other[e] | 1,075 | 1.87% | 630 | 1.21% | 575 | 1.21% | 385 | 0.86% | 275 | 0.63% |
Total responses | 57,505 | 98.94% | 52,185 | 98.65% | 47,685 | 98.94% | 44,860 | 99.32% | 43,930 | 99.16% |
Total population | 58,120 | 100% | 52,898 | 100% | 48,196 | 100% | 45,165 | 100% | 44,303 | 100% |
Mother languages as reported by each person:
Mother language | Population | % of Total Population | % of Non-official language Population |
---|---|---|---|
English | 35,520 | 61.4% | N/A |
Persian | 5,760 | 10.0% | 31.1% |
Tagalog | 1,675 | 2.9% | 9.0% |
Chinese Languages | 1,670 | 2.9% | 9.0% |
Spanish | 1,245 | 2.2% | 6.7% |
Korean | 1,135 | 6.1% | 6.1% |
French | 980 | 1.7% | N/A |
German | 575 | 1.0% | 3.1% |
3.1% of North Vancouver residents listed both English and a non-official language as mother tongues.
According to the 2021 census, religious groups in North Vancouver included:[13]
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