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Two days before your procedure, skip any harsh skincare products that could sensitize your skin. Learn more about Natural lip enhancement New Westminster here Each photo in our gallery tells a story of confidence regained and self-esteem boosted. Medical aesthetics New Westminster By choosing Morpheus 8, you're opting for a non-surgical way to achieve significant, long-lasting improvements in your skin's appearance. Don't hesitate to ask about their credentials, experience, and the safety protocols they follow. Learn more about Botox Clinic New Westminster here. This innovative body sculpting technology isn't just about transforming your physique; it's also engineered with your comfort and safety in mind.
Rest assured, from the moment you start with us, you're in capable hands committed to enhancing your natural beauty and boosting your confidence. PRP therapy starts with drawing a small amount of your blood. As you're navigating through the myriad of options for achieving your ideal body shape, it's essential to understand what sets Evolve-X apart in a crowded market of promises and high expectations. The specialist will ensure your skin is clean and free of any products.
Furthermore, Manhas Health Co. doesn't stop at just fat reduction. Read more about Natural lip enhancement New Westminster here Before your IPL photo facial or laser hair removal session at Manhas Health Co, there are a few key steps you should follow to ensure the best possible outcome. To book your consultation, simply visit the Manhas Health Co. website and navigate to the 'Contact Us' page.

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This includes manual scrubs, exfoliating acids, and retinol products.

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However, it's not for everyone. Instead, your skin will begin to peel over the next few days, revealing fresher, revitalized skin underneath. Manhas Health Co.'s advanced laser therapy isn't just about enhancing beauty.

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Embark on a path with Manhas Health Co. that transforms your self-perception, boosting your confidence through personalized aesthetic treatments.

Moreover, Manhas Health Co. partners with local schools to educate students on skin health, emphasizing the importance of starting care routines early. However, the evidence lies in the visible results.

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Moving beyond body sculpting, we're excited to introduce our latest anti-aging innovations designed to rejuvenate your skin and restore its youthful radiance. Additionally, if you're dealing with urinary incontinence, a frequent concern post-childbirth or with aging, this treatment offers a promising solution.

At Manhas Health Co., you're not just another appointment on the schedule; you're the center of a personalized aesthetic journey tailored just for you. An in-depth consultation with a qualified practitioner in Natural lip enhancement New Westminster can help determine if Morpheus 8 aligns with your skin goals and medical history. Diving into the world of chemical peels, you'll uncover a myriad of benefits aimed at revitalizing your skin by shedding the old, dull surface to reveal a smoother, more youthful complexion beneath.

Results vary, but many see signs of new hair growth within a few months, with improvements continuing over time.

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This plan isn't just about choosing the right Evolve-X procedures; it's about timing, frequency, and even aftercare, ensuring your journey is as effective and comfortable as possible. Choosing Manhas Health Co means you're prioritizing your skin's health and beauty, with a team that's genuinely invested in seeing you achieve smooth, radiant skin.

The prime candidates for this innovative treatment are those experiencing the early signs of aging. Before deciding, you'll have a consultation at Manhas Health Co., where your medical history, current health status, and goals will be discussed. During this session, you'll have the opportunity to express what you're hoping to achieve and discuss any specific issues you'd like to address.

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Richard Clement Moody arrived in British Columbia in December 1858, at the head of the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, having been hand picked to "found a second England on the shores of the Pacific".  Moody "wanted to build a city of beauty in the wilderness" and planned his city as an iconic visual metaphor for British dominance, "styled and located with the objective of reinforcing the authority of the Crown and of the robe  Subsequent to the enactment of the Pre-emption Act of 1860, Moody settled the Lower Mainland and selected the site and founded the new capital, New Westminster. Moody and the Royal Engineers were trained in settlement and selected the site because of its defensibility: it was farther from the American border than the site of the colony's proclamation, Fort Langley, possessed "great facilities for communication by water, as well as by future great trunk railways into the interior and possessed an excellent port  Moody was also struck by the majestic beauty of the site, writing in his letter to Blackwood:

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Nearby Tourist Attractions

Mundy Park

Tourist attraction, City park
Mundy Park, 641 Hillcrest St, Coquitlam, BC V3J 6N9
178 acres of forest habitat with 2 lakes, sports facilities, disc golf & an outdoor pool.

Port Moody Station Museum

Tourist attraction, Entertainer, Historical landmark, History museum, Local history museum
Port Moody Station Museum, 2734 Murray St, Port Moody, BC V3H 1X2
Small destination offering local history exhibits & programs in a 1908 train station.

Rocky Point Park

Tourist attraction, City park
Rocky Point Park, 2800 Murray St, Port Moody, BC V3H 1X2
Waterfront recreation area with a pier, pool, skate park, restaurant, playground & boat ramp.

Shoreline Trail

Tourist attraction, City park, Hiking area
Shoreline Trail, 2934 Murray St, Port Moody, BC V3H 1X2
This walking trail along the Burrard Inlet offers sweeping views & allows leashed dogs.

Burnaby Fraser Foreshore Park

Tourist attraction, Park
Burnaby Fraser Foreshore Park, 7751 Fraser Park Dr, Burnaby, BC V5J 5L8
Riverfront park with outdoor gym equipment, dog area, picnic spots & a playground.

Hawthorne Rotary Park

Whalley
Tourist attraction, Park
Hawthorne Rotary Park, 10513 144 St, Surrey, BC V3T 4V4
Residential area park with a playground, spray pad, gardens, trails, picnic shelter & washrooms.

Glenlyon Foreshore Outlook

Tourist attraction, Historical landmark
Glenlyon Foreshore Outlook, 9186 Glenlyon Pkwy, Burnaby, BC V5J 5J8

World Police and Fire Games decoration

Metrotown
Tourist attraction
World Police and Fire Games decoration, 3789 BC-99A, Burnaby, BC V5H 1Y4

Citations and other links

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Exploring the benefits of treatment, you'll discover that rejuvenation can significantly enhance your quality of life by boosting confidence and comfort in your intimate health. So, why should you keep an eye on Manhas Health Co.? We're proud to showcase the real results of our clients, providing you with a transparent look at what's possible when you trust Manhas Health Co. for your aesthetic needs. You can expect to return to your daily activities shortly after the session ends.

They provide expert advice on skincare routines, recommending products that complement the procedures you choose. This conversation is crucial; it guides us in selecting the perfect combination of dermaplaning and chemical peels, tailored just for you. Facial rejuvenation New Westminster Following these steps diligently won't only enhance the longevity of your Forma Face Sculpting results but also contribute to overall skin health.

While the results of Advanced Forma Face Sculpting are undeniably impressive, it's crucial to also consider the safety and potential side effects of this cosmetic procedure. You might be wondering if you're a good candidate for these treatments. At Manhas Health Co., we're committed to providing you with the most effective and comfortable experience.

Unlike more invasive procedures, face sculpting allows you to return to your daily activities immediately, making it a convenient option for your busy lifestyle. We'll work with you to identify your aesthetic goals and select the treatments that best suit your needs and lifestyle. Keep an eye on our website or sign up for our newsletter to stay updated on these opportunities.

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Firstly, you'll notice a reduction in symptoms like dryness or discomfort, common issues that many face but seldom discuss openly. By choosing Manhas Health for your Evolve-X procedure, you're not just getting a service; you're getting a partnership with experts committed to helping you achieve your aesthetic goals with confidence and ease. While laser hair removal offers a significant stride towards achieving smooth, hair-free skin, IPL photo facials step in to address a different set of skin concerns, enhancing your complexion's overall appearance. Having met our expert team, it's now essential to explore the environment where they apply their unmatched skills: the state-of-the-art clinic facilities at Manhas Health Co.

Moreover, our microneedling services stimulate collagen production, essential for maintaining the skin's elasticity and firmness. This heat energy encourages the natural production of collagen, the protein responsible for keeping your skin tight and elastic. You'll see a youthful glow that you might've thought was lost to time.

Morpheus 8 treatment is ideal for individuals seeking to reduce wrinkles, tighten skin, and improve overall skin texture without undergoing invasive surgery. Inspired by the transformative experiences shared by clients, it's now your opportunity to explore how vaginal rejuvenation at Manhas Health Co. can benefit you by scheduling your consultation. Botox for aging prevention New Westminster It's not every day that one encounters a breakthrough poised to redefine the standards of non-invasive cosmetic enhancements.

Foods rich in vitamins and minerals, especially those high in protein, can aid in your recovery. Follow these directions closely to prevent infection and promote optimal healing. You'll not only notice a reduction in hair loss, but also a significant improvement in hair density and thickness.

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Fillers aren't a one-size-fits-all solution. With Evolve-X, you're in control, and the journey to achieving your ideal body becomes a collaborative effort between you and your practitioner. Sun protection can't be overstated. With cutting-edge technology and a team of dedicated professionals, these treatments are more than just procedures; they're a transformative experience.

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To kick off your Evolve-X body sculpting journey, the first step is scheduling a consultation with a Manhas Health expert. If you're noticing symptoms like dryness, discomfort during intercourse, or urinary incontinence, you could be an ideal candidate.

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First off, we'll send you a welcome packet.

The treatment rooms boast the latest in aesthetic technology, ensuring that you're getting the most advanced treatments available. Face sculpting utilizes cutting-edge technology to gently remodel your skin from within, stimulating collagen production for a firmer, more youthful appearance. To minimize complications, it's essential to choose a reputable provider experienced in these treatments.

No problem. Botox for facial tension New Westminster Don't worry if you're unsure about what treatments you're interested in. Evolve-X's non-invasive procedure means you can achieve your body goals without the need for surgery, ensuring a safer and more comfortable experience.

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You'll hear about Maria, too, who combined both treatments. This innovative treatment harnesses the power of your own plasma, rich in platelets, to kick-start the repair and rejuvenation process. It's a process that leverages your body's natural healing abilities, supercharging them to work in specific, targeted areas. Don't wait any longer to transform your body and boost your confidence. It's all part of our pledge to not just meet but exceed your expectations in both results and care.

Sunburned or tanned skin can negatively affect the treatment's effectiveness and increase the risk of complications. Recognizing that each client has unique needs, we create personalized treatment plans tailored just for you. Hearing firsthand from those who've undergone vaginal rejuvenation at Manhas Health Co. can provide invaluable insights into the procedure's effectiveness and impact. Your first step involves a detailed consultation with our experts, who'll map out a custom plan designed just for you.

The IPL photo facial results can emerge gradually, revealing clearer, more radiant skin over time.

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Steer clear of any harsh products or exfoliants for at least a week. Botox for tension headaches New Westminster Our commitment is to ensure you feel informed and comfortable with the proposed plan before moving forward. Botox for lip enhancement New Westminster You'll feel a gentle warmth and muscle contractions during the session, which many find quite tolerable.

Evolve-X isn't just about sculpting your body; it's about enhancing your overall quality of life. This extra time also allows you to relax and mentally prepare for your consultation. Avoid direct sun exposure as your skin will be more sensitive. Evolve-X isn't just a treatment; it's your shortcut to the body you've always wanted.

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We understand that everyone's skin and body are different, which is why we use these innovative tools to create a customized treatment plan just for you. Pay attention to how well they listen and explain the process, including potential risks and aftercare. Laser hair removal offers a long-term solution for unwanted hair, directly targeting hair follicles without damaging the surrounding skin. Battling acne scars for years left her hiding behind layers of makeup.
Imagine walking in and, within a few sessions, seeing a transformation that aligns with your body goals-without the scalpel.

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This includes astringents and alcohol-based toners.

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They've embraced techniques that not only remove fat but also tighten the skin, offering a dual benefit that was once thought to be achievable only through surgery.
These products are less harsh and help retain the natural moisture of your scalp and hair, promoting a healthier growth environment. Imagine achieving that toned look you've always wanted without the scars, pain, or recovery time associated with traditional body sculpting methods. Either way, you're taking the first step towards personalized aesthetic care tailored just for you.
Morpheus 8 isn't just about turning back the clock on aging; it's also about addressing issues that might've seemed beyond reach. This innovative treatment combines micro-needling with fractional radiofrequency technology to target the deeper layers of your skin, stimulating collagen production like never before. You'll be guided through the process by our experienced specialists, who'll assess your skin and hair type to customize the treatment plan that's just right for you.

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In general, a filler is something that is used to fill gaps. Specialized meanings include:

Materials

[edit]
  • Filler (animal food), dietary fiber and other ingredients added to pet foods to provide bulk
  • Filler (materials), particles added to a matrix material, usually to improve its properties
  • Filler (packaging), a machine designed to fill packaging, usually occurs in food packaging
  • Filler metal, metal added in the making of a joint through welding, brazing, or soldering
  • Grain filler, a product that is used to achieve a smooth-textured wood finish
  • Injectable filler, a soft tissue filler injected into the skin to help fill in facial wrinkles
  • Star filler, a plastic insert in computer cables which separates wires

Media and entertainment

[edit]
  • Filler (media), in television and other media, material that exists outside the story arc to pad out other material
  • "Filler", song by hardcore punk band Minor Threat, from their debut E.P.

Other uses

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Wrinkles on the face and hands are a typical sign of aging

A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of ageing processes such as glycation,[1] habitual sleeping positions,[2] loss of body mass, sun damage,[3] or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.[4] In humans, it can also be prevented to some degree by avoiding excessive solar exposure and through diet (in particular through consumption of carotenoids, tocopherols and flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, D and E), essential omega-3-fatty acids, certain proteins and lactobacilli).[5]

Skin

[edit]

Causes for aging wrinkles

[edit]
A woman of European origin with facial wrinkles

Development of facial wrinkles is a kind of fibrosis of the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastic fibers and collagen fibers.[6][7][8] Repeated extensions and compressions of the skin cause repeated injuries of extracellular fibers in derma. During the repairing process, some of the broken elastic fibers and collagen fibers are not regenerated and restored but replaced by altered fibers. When an elastic fiber is broken in an extended state, it may be replaced by a "long" collagen fiber. Accumulation of "long" collagen fibers makes part of the skin looser and stiffer, and as a consequence, a big fold of skin appears. When a "long" collagen is broken in a compressed state, it may be replaced by a "short" collagen fiber. The "shorter" collagen fibers will restrict the extension of "longer" fibers, and make the “long" fibers in a folding state permanently. A small fold, namely a permanent wrinkle, then appears.

Sleep wrinkles

[edit]

Sleep wrinkles are created and reinforced when the face is compressed against a pillow or bed surface in side or stomach sleeping positions during sleep.[9] They appear in predictable locations due to the underlying superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), and are usually distinct from wrinkles of facial expression.[10] As with wrinkles of facial expression, sleep wrinkles can deepen and become permanent over time, unless the habitual sleeping positions which cause the wrinkles are altered.[11]

Water-immersion wrinkling

[edit]
A wrinkled finger after a warm bath

The wrinkles that occur in skin over prolonged exposure to water are sometimes referred to as pruney fingers or water aging. This is a temporary skin condition where the skin on the palms of the hand or feet becomes wrinkly. This wrinkling response may have imparted an evolutionary benefit by providing improved traction in wet conditions,[12] and a better grasp of wet objects.[13] These results were called into question by a 2014 study that failed to reproduce any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips.[14] However, a 2020 study of gripping efficiency found that wrinkles decreased the force required to grip wet objects by 20%, supporting the traction hypothesis.[15]

Prior to a 1935 study, the common explanation was based on water absorption in the keratin-laden epithelial skin when immersed in water,[16] causing the skin to expand and resulting in a larger surface area, forcing it to wrinkle. Usually the tips of the fingers and toes are the first to wrinkle because of a thicker layer of keratin and an absence of hairs which secrete the protective oil called sebum.

Adult sole showing water immersion wrinkling

In the 1935 study, however, Lewis and Pickering were studying patients with palsy of the median nerve when they discovered that skin wrinkling did not occur in the areas of the patients' skin normally innervated by the damaged nerve. This suggested that the nervous system plays an essential role in wrinkling, so the phenomenon could not be entirely explained simply by water absorption. Recent research shows that wrinkling is related to vasoconstriction.[17][18] Water probably initiates the wrinkling process by altering the balance of electrolytes in the skin as it diffuses into the hands and soles via their many sweat ducts. This could alter the stability of the membranes of the many neurons that synapse on the many blood vessels underneath skin, causing them to fire more rapidly. Increased neuronal firing causes blood vessels to constrict, decreasing the amount of fluid underneath the skin. This decrease in fluid would cause a decrease in tension, causing the skin to become wrinkly.[19]

This insight resulted in bedside tests for nerve damage and vasoconstriction. Wrinkling is often scored with immersion of the hands for 30 minutes in water or EMLA cream with measurements steps of 5 minutes, and counting the number of visible wrinkles in time. Not all healthy persons have finger wrinkling after immersion, so it would be safe to say that sympathetic function is preserved if finger wrinkling after immersion in water is observed, but if the fingers emerge smooth it cannot be assumed that there is a lesion to the autonomic supply or to the peripheral nerves of the hand.[20]

Other animals with wrinkles

[edit]

Examples of wrinkles can be found in various animal species that grow loose, excess skin, particularly when they are young. Several breeds of dog, such as the Pug and the Shar Pei, have been bred to exaggerate this trait. In dogs bred for fighting, this is the result of selection for loose skin, which confers a protective advantage.[21]

Techniques for reducing the appearance of aging wrinkles

[edit]
A man receiving a botox injection

Current evidence suggests that tretinoin decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells, although the exact mode of action is unknown. Additionally, tretinoin stimulates mitotic activity and increased turnover of follicular epithelial cells.[22] Tretinoin is better known by the brand name Retin-A.

Topical glycosaminoglycans supplements can help to provide temporary restoration of enzyme balance to slow or prevent matrix breakdown and consequent onset of wrinkle formation. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are produced by the body to maintain structural integrity in tissues and to maintain fluid balance. Hyaluronic acid is a type of GAG that promotes collagen synthesis, repair, and hydration. GAGs serve as a natural moisturizer and lubricant between epidermal cells to inhibit the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Dermal fillers are injectable products frequently used to correct wrinkles, and other depressions in the skin. They are often a kind of soft tissue designed to enable injection into the skin for purposes of improving the appearance. The most common products are based on hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite.

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum toxin manufactured by Allergan for both therapeutic and cosmetic use. Besides its cosmetic application, Botox is used in the treatment of other conditions including migraine headache and cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) (a neuromuscular disorder involving the head and neck).[23]

Dysport, manufactured by Ipsen, received FDA approval and is now used to treat cervical dystonia as well as glabellar lines in adults. In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA approval for medical indications in 2010 and cosmetic indications in 2011.

Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of all wrinkles; it is indicated for the treatment of glabellar lines (between the eyebrows) in adults. Any other usage is not approved by the FDA and is considered off-label use.

Laser resurfacing is FDA-cleared skin resurfacing procedure in which lasers are used to improve the condition of the skin.[citation needed] Two types of lasers are used to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the face; laser ablation, which removes thin layers of skin, and nonablative lasers that stimulate collagen production. Nonablative lasers are less effective than ablative ones but they are less invasive and recovery time is short. After the procedure people experience temporary redness, itching and swelling.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Danby, FW (Jul–Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. 28 (4): 409–411. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.018. PMID 20620757.
  2. ^ American Academy of Dermatology. "Causes of Aging". AgingSkinNet. American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  3. ^ Cosmetic Procedures for Wrinkles
  4. ^ Anderson, Laurence. 2006. Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery. AMPCo. Sydney. ISBN 0-85557-044-X.
  5. ^ Schagen, S. K.; Zampeli, V. A.; Makrantonaki, E.; Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). "Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging". Dermato-Endocrinology. 4 (3): 298–307. doi:10.4161/derm.22876. PMC 3583891. PMID 23467449.
  6. ^ Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair—a novel theory of aging". arXiv:0904.0575 [q-bio.TO].
  7. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". arXiv:1503.07163 [q-bio.TO].
  8. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Tissue fibrosis: a principal evidence for the central role of Misrepairs in aging". arXiv:1505.01376 [q-bio.TO].
  9. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  10. ^ Fulton, James E.; Gaminchi, F. (1999). "Sleep Lines". Dermatol Surg. 25 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08073.x. PMID 9935097.
  11. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247 [246]. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  12. ^ Mark Changizi; Romann Weber; Ritesh Kotecha; Joseph Palazzo (2011). "Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1159/000328223. PMID 21701145.
  13. ^ Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V (January 9, 2013). "Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects". Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867.
  14. ^ Haseleu, Julia; Omerbašić, Damir; Frenzel, Henning; Gross, Manfred; Lewin, Gary R. (2014). Goldreich, Daniel (ed.). "Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84949. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984949H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084949. PMC 3885627. PMID 24416318.
  15. ^ Davis, N. (8 November 2020). "Water-immersion finger-wrinkling improves grip efficiency in handling wet objects". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.07.372631.
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  21. ^ The Dog Encyclopedia: The Definitive Visual Guide. Penguin. 15 August 2023. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7440-8513-6.
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  23. ^ Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray JJ, Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M (1999). "Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia". Neurology. 53 (7): 1431–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.53.7.1431. PMID 10534247.
[edit]

Military Policlinic in Legionowo, Poland

A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.

Etymology

[edit]
The entrance to a surgery clinic in Greenwich, London

The word clinic derives from Ancient Greek κλίνειν klinein meaning to slope, lean or recline. Hence κλίνη klinē is a couch or bed and κλινικός klinikos is a physician who visits his patients in their beds.[1] In Latin, this became clīnicus.[2][3]

An early use of the word clinic was "one who receives baptism on a sick bed".[4]

Overview

[edit]
A medpunkt (health care access point) delivers primary health care to the residents of the village of Veliki Vrag, Russia.

Clinics are often associated with a general medical practice run by one or several general practitioners. Other types of clinics are run by the type of specialist associated with that type: physical therapy clinics by physiotherapists and psychology clinics by clinical psychologists, and so on for each health profession. (This can even hold true for certain services outside the medical field: for example, legal clinics are run by lawyers.)

Some clinics are operated in-house by employers, government organizations, or hospitals, and some clinical services are outsourced to private corporations which specialize in providing health services. In China, for example, owners of such clinics do not have formal medical education. There were 659,596 village clinics in China in 2011.[5]

Health care in India, China, Russia and Africa is provided to those regions' vast rural areas by mobile health clinics or roadside dispensaries, some of which integrate traditional medicine. In India these traditional clinics provide ayurvedic medicine and unani herbal medical practice. In each of these countries, traditional medicine tends to be a hereditary practice.

Function

[edit]
Policlinic in Karl-Marx-Stadt, German Democratic Republic

The function of clinics differs from country to country. For instance, a local general practice run by a single general practitioner provides primary health care and is usually run as a for-profit business by the owner, whereas a government-run specialist clinic may provide subsidized or specialized[dubiousdiscuss] health care.

Some clinics serve as a place for people with injuries or illnesses to be seen by a triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be serious enough to require a visit to an emergency room (ER), but the person can be transferred to one if needed.

Treatment at these clinics is often less expensive than it would be at a casualty department. Also, unlike an ER these clinics are often not open on a 24/7/365 basis. They sometimes have access to diagnostic equipment such as X-ray machines, especially if the clinic is part of a larger facility. Doctors at such clinics can often refer patients to specialists if the need arises.[6]

Large outpatient clinics

[edit]
Children Policlinic in Novokosino District of Moscow

Large outpatient clinics vary in size, but can be as large as hospitals.

Function

[edit]

Typical large outpatient clinics house general medical practitioners (GPs) such as doctors and nurses to provide ambulatory care and some acute care services but lack the major surgical and pre- and post-operative care facilities commonly associated with hospitals.

Policlinic in Vilnius-Karoliniškės, Lithuania

Besides GPs, if a clinic is a polyclinic, it can house outpatient departments of some medical specialties, such as gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, pulmonology, cardiology, and endocrinology. In some university cities, polyclinics contain outpatient departments for the entire teaching hospital in one building.

Internationally

[edit]
Policlinic in Písek, Czech Republic

Large outpatient clinics are a common type of healthcare facility in many countries, including France, Germany (long tradition), Switzerland, and most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (often using a mixed Soviet-German model), as well as in former Soviet republics such as Russia and Ukraine;[7] and in many countries across Asia and Africa.[8]

In Europe, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe, bigger outpatient health centers, commonly in cities and towns, are called policlinics (derived from the word polis, not from poly-).

Recent[when?] Russian governments have attempted to replace the policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed.[9]

In the Czech Republic, many policlinics were privatized or leasehold and decentralized in the post-communist era: some of them are just lessors and coordinators of a healthcare provided by private doctor's offices in the policlinic building.[10]

India has also set up huge numbers of polyclinics for former defense personnel. The network envisages 426 polyclinics in 343 districts of the country which will benefit about 33 lakh (3.3 million) ex-servicemen residing in remote and far-flung areas.[11]

Policlinics are also the backbone of Cuba's primary care system and have been credited with a role in improving that nation's health indicators.[12]

Mobile clinics

[edit]
Hinduja National Hospital's mobile clinic
A mobile health clinic operated from a truck

Providing health services through mobile clinics provides accessible healthcare services to these remote areas that have yet to make their way in the politicized space. For example, mobile clinics have proved helpful in dealing with new settlement patterns in Costa Rica. Before foreign aid organizations or the state government became involved in healthcare, Costa Rica's people managed their own health maintenance and protection.[13] People relied on various socio-cultural adaptations and remedies to prevent illnesses, such as personal hygiene and settlement patterns.[13] When new settlements that sprang up along the coast became "artificial" communities, and due to lack of traditional home healing practices here, alternative methods such as mobile clinics had to be implemented in these communities for the protection and prevention of diseases.[13]

A study done in rural Namibia revealed the health changes of orphans, vulnerable children and non-vulnerable children (OVC) visiting a mobile clinic where health facilities are far from the remote villages.[14] Over 6 months, information on immunization status, diagnosis of anemia, skin and intestinal disorders, nutrition, dental disorders was collected and showed that visits to mobile clinics improved the overall health of children that visited regularly. It concluded that specified "planning of these programs in areas with similarly identified barriers may help correct the health disparities among Namibian OVC and could be a first step in improving child morbidity and mortality in difficult-to-reach rural areas."[14]

A mobile clinic run from a pickup truck in Yemen

Food supplementation in the context of routine mobile clinic visits also shows to have improved the nutritional status of children, and it needs further exploration as a way to reduce childhood malnutrition in resource-scarce areas. A cross-sectional study focussed on comparing acute and chronic undernutrition rates prior to and after a food-supplementation program as an adjunct to routine health care for children of migrant workers residing in rural communities in the Dominican Republic.[15] Rates of chronic undernutrition decreased from 33% to 18% after the initiation of the food-supplementation program and shows that the community members attending the mobile clinics are not just passively receiving the information but are incorporating it and helping keep their children nourished.[15]

Types

[edit]
Storefront clinic in Manhattan

There are many different types of clinics providing outpatient services. Such clinics may be public (government-funded) or private medical practices.

  • A CLSC are in Quebec; they are a type of free clinic funded by the provincial government; they provide service not covered by Canada's healthcare plan including social workers
  • In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low-cost healthcare for those with little or without insurance.
  • A retail-based clinic is housed in supermarkets and similar retail outlets providing walk-in health care, which may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
  • A general out-patient clinic offers general diagnoses or treatments without an overnight stay.
  • A polyclinic or policlinic provides a range of healthcare services (including diagnostics) without need of an overnight stay
  • A specialist clinic provides advanced diagnostic or treatment services for specific diseases or parts of the body. This type contrasts with general out-patient clinics.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ κλινικός in A Greek–English Lexicon. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  2. ^ clinicus in A Latin Dictionary. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  3. ^ Partridge, Eric. Origins: A short etymological dictionary of modern English. Book Club Associates, 1966.
  4. ^ Clinic, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
  5. ^ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Clinic search engine tools to find the right Clinic". 123 clinic. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  7. ^ NLH – Health Management – Policlinics. Retrieved 3 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Google
  9. ^ Ershova I, Rider O, Gorelov V (December 2007). "Policlinics in London". Lancet. 370 (9603): 1890–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61793-0. PMID 18068500. S2CID 43512994.
  10. ^ David Rath: Trnitá cesta privatizace českého zdravotnictví, Hospodářské noviny, 10 September 1996
  11. ^ "199 Additional Polyclinics For Ex-Servicemen". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2010.
  12. ^ Cuba's primary health care revolution: 30 years on, Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  13. ^ a b c Morgan, Lynn M. (February 1993). Community Participation in Health: The Politics of Primary Care in Costa Rica. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558092. ISBN 978-0-521-41898-0. Retrieved 8 May 2020. cite book: |website= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b Aneni, Ehimen; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Hanson, Laura; Rijnen, Bas; Brenan, Alana T.; Feeley, Frank G. (2013). "Mobile primary healthcare services and health outcomes of children in rural Namibia". Rural and Remote Health. 13 (3): 2380. ISSN 1445-6354. PMID 24016257.
  15. ^ a b Parikh, Kavita; Marein-Efron, Gabriela; Huang, Shirley; O'Hare, Geraldine; Finalle, Rodney; Shah, Samir S. (September 2010). "Nutritional Status of Children after a Food-Supplementation Program Integrated with Routine Health Care through Mobile Clinics in Migrant Communities in the Dominican Republic". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (3): 559–564. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0485. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2929051. PMID 20810820.

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