Wrinkle reduction New Westminster

Wrinkle reduction New Westminster

Anti-Aging Botox

It's been a game-changer for my self-esteem.” It's feedback like this that drives us to continue offering expert cosmetic solutions tailored to each individual's needs. We understand that each client's journey towards achieving their aesthetic aspirations is unique. First, it's essential to avoid alcohol for at least 24 hours before your session. Learn more about Manhas Health Co. here. Read more about Wrinkle reduction New Westminster here Our team consists of licensed professionals who use only FDA-approved Botox products. That's where our expertise at Manhas Health Co. Learn more about Wrinkle reduction New Westminster here comes into play, providing our clients with not just beauty, but confidence in the science behind their choices.
Let's work together to unveil a more radiant, confident you. Let's embrace aging gracefully together, without letting wrinkles tell the whole story. In an age where youth is often mistakenly bottled, sold, and hawked at every street corner, we're thrilled to introduce a genuinely promising solution to those pesky signs of aging: cosmetic Botox services, now available at Manhas Health Co. in Wrinkle reduction New Westminster. It's a reminder that the magic of Botox isn't just in the visible results but in the renewed confidence it instills.
If you'd prefer a more personal touch, we're just a phone call away. Botox Prices In New Westminster Our team, comprised of highly skilled professionals, is the backbone of our success in providing top-notch Cosmetic Botox services. When considering Botox treatments, it's crucial to understand their safety profile and effectiveness, ensuring you're making a well-informed decision. Unlike some cosmetic procedures that require frequent touch-ups, Botox provides a more enduring solution to wrinkles and fine lines, allowing our clients to enjoy their youthful appearance for months at a time.
Instead, we listen to your concerns, assess your facial structure, and recommend treatments that target your specific needs. We've got the answers. It's important to us that our clients feel informed and confident every step of the way. Unlike surgical procedures, Botox treatments don't require significant downtime.

At Manhas Health Co., we're experts in administering Botox in key areas to rejuvenate your appearance and boost your confidence. Our clients' happiness is our top priority, and we're thrilled to see such positive feedback. We're here to make your experience as smooth and stress-free as possible. Our team is skilled in designing plans that not only address your immediate concerns but also contribute to your long-term well-being. We're proud to say that our team's commitment to excellence doesn't stop at their technical skills.

Whether you're looking to smooth out fine lines, reduce wrinkles, or simply seeking a fresher, more youthful appearance, our team of experts is here to guide you every step of the way. Moreover, we pride in our transparent communication. We're excited to be part of your journey to looking and feeling amazing. We've gathered impactful testimonials from clients who've seen incredible transformations through our Cosmetic Botox services.

This relaxation of the muscles leads to a reduction in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. With our personalized consultation process, we ensure that each treatment plan is tailored to meet the unique needs and goals of our clients. Wrinkles, fine lines, and other age indicators seem to fade, giving the skin a smoother, more youthful appearance. At Manhas Health Co., we're more than just a clinic; we're a community dedicated to helping you look and feel your best. Botox For Facial Asymmetry

Building on our new services, it's crucial to understand the transformative impact Cosmetic Botox can have on one's appearance and confidence. Choosing Manhas Health Co. means opting for a tailored approach to beauty, where each consultation is meticulously designed to align with personal aspirations and safety considerations. Choosing Manhas Health Co. means opting for quality, care, and a team that genuinely values your well-being. Once you've booked, we'll send you a confirmation email with all the details you'll need for your first visit.



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Under eye fillers New Westminster

The area now known as New Westminster was originally inhabited by Kwantlen First Nation The discovery of gold in BC and the arrival of gold seekers from the south prompted fear amongst the settlers that Americans may invade to take over this land.

Botox Injections New Westminster

Nearby Tourist Attractions

Coquitlam Heritage at Mackin House

Tourist attraction, Heritage museum, Museum
Coquitlam Heritage at Mackin House, 1116 Brunette Ave, Coquitlam, BC V3K 1G2

Deer Lake Park

Tourist attraction, Park
Deer Lake Park, 5435 Sperling Ave, Burnaby, BC V5E 2L8
Scenic picnic areas & lakeside trails leading to the Burnaby Art Gallery & other attractions.

Eagles Estate Heritage Garden

Tourist attraction, Garden
Eagles Estate Heritage Garden, 5655 Sperling Ave, Burnaby, BC V5E 2T2

Trapped Coquitlam

Tourist attraction, Amusement center, Game store, Escape room center
Trapped Coquitlam, 1300 Woolridge St #9, Coquitlam, BC V3K 6Y6

Nikkei National Museum & Cultural Centre

Tourist attraction, Community center, Museum, National museum, Recreation center, Heritage museum
Nikkei National Museum & Cultural Centre, 6688 Southoaks Crescent, Burnaby, BC V5E 4M7
Japanese-Canadian history & culture are the focus at this complex with exhibits, a garden & events.

Burnaby Village Museum

Tourist attraction, Ethnographic museum, Local history museum, Museum
Burnaby Village Museum, 6501 Deer Lake Ave, Burnaby, BC V5G 3T6
Period costumed townsfolk & a carousel are highlights of this living museum of a 1920s village.

Jundigang truck yard

South Westminster
Tourist attraction
Jundigang truck yard, 54V5+MX9, Surrey, BC V3V 4G4


Citations and other links

Experienced wrinkle injector Wrinkle reduction New Westminster

We're committed to not just meeting but exceeding your expectations with our state-of-the-art services. Our staff stays ahead of the curve, regularly participating in advanced training sessions and seminars to keep abreast of the latest techniques and innovations in the field of cosmetic Botox. Botox For Younger Looking Skin We can't wait to meet you and start this journey together. Our team of experts, known for their meticulous care and profound knowledge, is ready to guide you through the process, ensuring your experience is as comfortable and rewarding as possible.

Many share stories of newfound confidence and joy in their appearance, praising not just the results but the care and professionalism they encountered at Manhas Health Co. Botox, a highly popular cosmetic treatment, offers numerous benefits ranging from reducing wrinkles to alleviating certain medical conditions. From the moment you step into our clinic, we're dedicated to making you feel completely at ease.

It really affected my self-esteem. Building on our commitment to your satisfaction, we equally prioritize your safety with rigorous standards and personalized care in every cosmetic Botox procedure. Our journey into the world of personalized Botox strategies isn't just about aesthetic enhancement-it's a testament to the art and science of skincare.

We also focus on the area around the eyes, commonly known as crow's feet.

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Botox effects typically last 3 to 4 months, at which point many clients choose to have follow-up treatments.

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Transparency is key to our safety approach.

Experienced wrinkle injector Wrinkle reduction New Westminster
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We don't just stop at facial rejuvenation.

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Embarking on your cosmetic Botox journey at Manhas Health Co. starts with a personalized consultation to address your unique needs and concerns. We're constantly amazed at how a procedure so simple can have such profound effects. There's minimal downtime involved, allowing most of our clients to return to their normal activities immediately after their appointment.

We believe in transparency and education, so we're always ready to answer any questions you might have. When we inject Botox into specific muscles, it binds to the nerve endings, stopping the release of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter responsible for muscle movement. We also heard from Emily, who said, 'I was skeptical about getting Botox, but the professionals at Manhas Health Co. Botox For Lines Around The Mouth addressed all my concerns.

We're excited to share the stories of clients who've experienced remarkable transformations with our cosmetic Botox treatments. Botox isn't just about reducing wrinkles; it's about creating a balanced, harmonious look that enhances your natural beauty without altering your fundamental appearance. Our team consists of highly trained professionals who not only have a deep understanding of facial aesthetics but also stay updated with the latest techniques and products.

We skillfully treat horizontal lines that can make you look worried or tired, smoothing them out for a more relaxed expression. We take the time to understand your specific needs and goals, ensuring a tailored treatment plan that's right for you. Choosing Manhas Health Co means entrusting your care to some of the most capable hands in the business.

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We'll provide aftercare instructions to maximize the treatment's benefits and minimize any potential side effects, such as minor swelling or bruising at the injection sites. We take the time to listen to you, ensuring that your Botox treatment aligns perfectly with your vision of beauty. This precaution prevents the Botox from spreading to unintended muscles. The procedure is quick, with minimal discomfort, and there's no downtime, meaning you can get back to your daily routine immediately. After your treatment, we'll provide detailed aftercare instructions to help you achieve the best results while minimizing any potential side effects.

First, we've introduced a targeted Botox treatment specifically for forehead wrinkles, a concern many of our clients have voiced. At Manhas Health Co., we're committed to enhancing your beauty with the utmost care and professionalism. Let's be your partners in embracing a more confident, radiant you. We're here to help you look and feel your best, with a team that's second to none. Botox For Neck Rejuvenation

We pride ourselves on using only the highest quality Botox, guaranteeing that our clients achieve the natural-looking results they desire. Botox Benefits Our team is committed to offering personalized care that aligns with your beauty goals. We always emphasize the importance of consulting with our specialists before deciding on Botox. We understand that your time is valuable, so we've streamlined our booking process to minimize wait times and get you in for your treatment as quickly as possible.

This means we're not just focused on reducing wrinkles; we're dedicated to enhancing your confidence and quality of life. At Manhas Health Co., we tailor our Botox treatments to not only address current concerns but also to strategically protect against the signs of aging that haven't yet appeared. Having explored the broad benefits of Botox, it's clear why Manhas Health Co stands out as the premier choice for your cosmetic needs. Just select the service you're interested in, choose a time that fits your schedule, and you're all set.



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It's crucial to avoid rubbing or massaging the treated areas for at least 24 hours. Botox works by blocking nerve signals in the muscles where it's injected. We understand the importance of looking and feeling your best, and we're here to guide you every step of the way.

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Beyond our expertise and quality products, we've created a welcoming and comfortable environment where you can feel relaxed and cared for. At our clinic, we prioritize safety and precision.

This commitment to quality means you'll see better, longer-lasting results.

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You can call us directly or use our online booking system, whichever suits your lifestyle better. Botox For Hyperhidrosis Why should you let wrinkles define your age when Botox can help turn back the clock with its remarkable ability to smooth out fine lines? We're committed to ensuring your experience is as smooth and comfortable as possible, from the initial consultation through to the follow-up care.

Booking your appointment at Manhas Health Co. is the first step. Affordable Botox In New Westminster If you experience any discomfort, a cold pack can be applied to the area, but ensure it's not directly on the skin to avoid irritation. After submitting your details, you'll receive a confirmation email with all the appointment specifics. We're committed to providing a comfortable and safe experience for everyone who walks through our doors seeking Botox treatments.

We're proud to say that every member of our team isn't just highly trained in their field, but also passionately committed to providing the best possible care and results for our clients. We believe in nurturing a supportive environment, not just for our clients but for our team as well. By the end of your consultation, you'll have a clear understanding of how Botox can enhance your appearance and the peace of mind that you're in expert hands. Botox Treatment Results Understanding how Botox works is crucial to setting realistic expectations.

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We've all seen the dramatic transformations that can come from cosmetic Botox, like our client Sarah, who discovered a newfound confidence after her treatment at Manhas Health Co. in Wrinkle reduction New Westminster. Our team's expertise ensures that each treatment plan is tailored to achieve the best possible results, making sure everyone leaves feeling their absolute best. First off, we avoid touching or massaging the treated areas for at least 24 hours. Firstly, our team consists of highly trained professionals who specialize in cosmetic Botox procedures.
Your safety and satisfaction are our top priorities, ensuring you can enjoy your rejuvenated appearance with peace of mind. Let's embark on this beautiful journey together, where every step forward is a step towards feeling and looking your absolute best. We've seen firsthand how it transforms not just appearances but also boosts confidence and self-esteem.
It's not just about looking younger; it's about feeling more confident in your skin. This preventative measure can be particularly effective in areas where expression lines commonly form, such as around the eyes, forehead, and mouth. At Manhas Health Co., we recognize that every person's skin and aesthetic goals are unique. Anti-Aging Botox
We're dedicated to making sure you're not just satisfied but thrilled with your results. Our goal is to refresh your look, making you feel revitalized and confident. We're excited to unveil three new Cosmetic Botox services, designed to cater to our clients' diverse needs with precision and care.

Learn more about Wrinkle reduction New Westminster here
Wrinkle reduction New Westminster Filler for Cheeks and Lips

In general, a filler is something that is used to fill gaps. Specialized meanings include:

Materials

[edit]
  • Filler (animal food), dietary fiber and other ingredients added to pet foods to provide bulk
  • Filler (materials), particles added to a matrix material, usually to improve its properties
  • Filler (packaging), a machine designed to fill packaging, usually occurs in food packaging
  • Filler metal, metal added in the making of a joint through welding, brazing, or soldering
  • Grain filler, a product that is used to achieve a smooth-textured wood finish
  • Injectable filler, a soft tissue filler injected into the skin to help fill in facial wrinkles
  • Star filler, a plastic insert in computer cables which separates wires

Media and entertainment

[edit]
  • Filler (media), in television and other media, material that exists outside the story arc to pad out other material
  • "Filler", song by hardcore punk band Minor Threat, from their debut E.P.

Other uses

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Wrinkles on the face and hands are a typical sign of aging

A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of ageing processes such as glycation,[1] habitual sleeping positions,[2] loss of body mass, sun damage,[3] or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.[4] In humans, it can also be prevented to some degree by avoiding excessive solar exposure and through diet (in particular through consumption of carotenoids, tocopherols and flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, D and E), essential omega-3-fatty acids, certain proteins and lactobacilli).[5]

Skin

[edit]

Causes for aging wrinkles

[edit]
A woman of European origin with facial wrinkles

Development of facial wrinkles is a kind of fibrosis of the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastic fibers and collagen fibers.[6][7][8] Repeated extensions and compressions of the skin cause repeated injuries of extracellular fibers in derma. During the repairing process, some of the broken elastic fibers and collagen fibers are not regenerated and restored but replaced by altered fibers. When an elastic fiber is broken in an extended state, it may be replaced by a "long" collagen fiber. Accumulation of "long" collagen fibers makes part of the skin looser and stiffer, and as a consequence, a big fold of skin appears. When a "long" collagen is broken in a compressed state, it may be replaced by a "short" collagen fiber. The "shorter" collagen fibers will restrict the extension of "longer" fibers, and make the “long" fibers in a folding state permanently. A small fold, namely a permanent wrinkle, then appears.

Sleep wrinkles

[edit]

Sleep wrinkles are created and reinforced when the face is compressed against a pillow or bed surface in side or stomach sleeping positions during sleep.[9] They appear in predictable locations due to the underlying superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), and are usually distinct from wrinkles of facial expression.[10] As with wrinkles of facial expression, sleep wrinkles can deepen and become permanent over time, unless the habitual sleeping positions which cause the wrinkles are altered.[11]

Water-immersion wrinkling

[edit]
A wrinkled finger after a warm bath

The wrinkles that occur in skin over prolonged exposure to water are sometimes referred to as pruney fingers or water aging. This is a temporary skin condition where the skin on the palms of the hand or feet becomes wrinkly. This wrinkling response may have imparted an evolutionary benefit by providing improved traction in wet conditions,[12] and a better grasp of wet objects.[13] These results were called into question by a 2014 study that failed to reproduce any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips.[14] However, a 2020 study of gripping efficiency found that wrinkles decreased the force required to grip wet objects by 20%, supporting the traction hypothesis.[15]

Prior to a 1935 study, the common explanation was based on water absorption in the keratin-laden epithelial skin when immersed in water,[16] causing the skin to expand and resulting in a larger surface area, forcing it to wrinkle. Usually the tips of the fingers and toes are the first to wrinkle because of a thicker layer of keratin and an absence of hairs which secrete the protective oil called sebum.

Adult sole showing water immersion wrinkling

In the 1935 study, however, Lewis and Pickering were studying patients with palsy of the median nerve when they discovered that skin wrinkling did not occur in the areas of the patients' skin normally innervated by the damaged nerve. This suggested that the nervous system plays an essential role in wrinkling, so the phenomenon could not be entirely explained simply by water absorption. Recent research shows that wrinkling is related to vasoconstriction.[17][18] Water probably initiates the wrinkling process by altering the balance of electrolytes in the skin as it diffuses into the hands and soles via their many sweat ducts. This could alter the stability of the membranes of the many neurons that synapse on the many blood vessels underneath skin, causing them to fire more rapidly. Increased neuronal firing causes blood vessels to constrict, decreasing the amount of fluid underneath the skin. This decrease in fluid would cause a decrease in tension, causing the skin to become wrinkly.[19]

This insight resulted in bedside tests for nerve damage and vasoconstriction. Wrinkling is often scored with immersion of the hands for 30 minutes in water or EMLA cream with measurements steps of 5 minutes, and counting the number of visible wrinkles in time. Not all healthy persons have finger wrinkling after immersion, so it would be safe to say that sympathetic function is preserved if finger wrinkling after immersion in water is observed, but if the fingers emerge smooth it cannot be assumed that there is a lesion to the autonomic supply or to the peripheral nerves of the hand.[20]

Other animals with wrinkles

[edit]

Examples of wrinkles can be found in various animal species that grow loose, excess skin, particularly when they are young. Several breeds of dog, such as the Pug and the Shar Pei, have been bred to exaggerate this trait. In dogs bred for fighting, this is the result of selection for loose skin, which confers a protective advantage.[21]

Techniques for reducing the appearance of aging wrinkles

[edit]
A man receiving a botox injection

Current evidence suggests that tretinoin decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells, although the exact mode of action is unknown. Additionally, tretinoin stimulates mitotic activity and increased turnover of follicular epithelial cells.[22] Tretinoin is better known by the brand name Retin-A.

Topical glycosaminoglycans supplements can help to provide temporary restoration of enzyme balance to slow or prevent matrix breakdown and consequent onset of wrinkle formation. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are produced by the body to maintain structural integrity in tissues and to maintain fluid balance. Hyaluronic acid is a type of GAG that promotes collagen synthesis, repair, and hydration. GAGs serve as a natural moisturizer and lubricant between epidermal cells to inhibit the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Dermal fillers are injectable products frequently used to correct wrinkles, and other depressions in the skin. They are often a kind of soft tissue designed to enable injection into the skin for purposes of improving the appearance. The most common products are based on hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite.

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum toxin manufactured by Allergan for both therapeutic and cosmetic use. Besides its cosmetic application, Botox is used in the treatment of other conditions including migraine headache and cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) (a neuromuscular disorder involving the head and neck).[23]

Dysport, manufactured by Ipsen, received FDA approval and is now used to treat cervical dystonia as well as glabellar lines in adults. In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA approval for medical indications in 2010 and cosmetic indications in 2011.

Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of all wrinkles; it is indicated for the treatment of glabellar lines (between the eyebrows) in adults. Any other usage is not approved by the FDA and is considered off-label use.

Laser resurfacing is FDA-cleared skin resurfacing procedure in which lasers are used to improve the condition of the skin.[citation needed] Two types of lasers are used to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the face; laser ablation, which removes thin layers of skin, and nonablative lasers that stimulate collagen production. Nonablative lasers are less effective than ablative ones but they are less invasive and recovery time is short. After the procedure people experience temporary redness, itching and swelling.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Danby, FW (Jul–Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. 28 (4): 409–411. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.018. PMID 20620757.
  2. ^ American Academy of Dermatology. "Causes of Aging". AgingSkinNet. American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  3. ^ Cosmetic Procedures for Wrinkles
  4. ^ Anderson, Laurence. 2006. Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery. AMPCo. Sydney. ISBN 0-85557-044-X.
  5. ^ Schagen, S. K.; Zampeli, V. A.; Makrantonaki, E.; Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). "Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging". Dermato-Endocrinology. 4 (3): 298–307. doi:10.4161/derm.22876. PMC 3583891. PMID 23467449.
  6. ^ Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair—a novel theory of aging". arXiv:0904.0575 [q-bio.TO].
  7. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". arXiv:1503.07163 [q-bio.TO].
  8. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Tissue fibrosis: a principal evidence for the central role of Misrepairs in aging". arXiv:1505.01376 [q-bio.TO].
  9. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  10. ^ Fulton, James E.; Gaminchi, F. (1999). "Sleep Lines". Dermatol Surg. 25 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08073.x. PMID 9935097.
  11. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247 [246]. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  12. ^ Mark Changizi; Romann Weber; Ritesh Kotecha; Joseph Palazzo (2011). "Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1159/000328223. PMID 21701145.
  13. ^ Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V (January 9, 2013). "Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects". Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867.
  14. ^ Haseleu, Julia; Omerbašić, Damir; Frenzel, Henning; Gross, Manfred; Lewin, Gary R. (2014). Goldreich, Daniel (ed.). "Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84949. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984949H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084949. PMC 3885627. PMID 24416318.
  15. ^ Davis, N. (8 November 2020). "Water-immersion finger-wrinkling improves grip efficiency in handling wet objects". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.07.372631.
  16. ^ "Dr Karl's Homework – Skin Wrinkles in Water (26/1/2000)". Abc.net.au. 2000-01-26. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  17. ^ Einar P.V. Wilder-Smith; Adeline Chow (2003). "Water-immersion wrinkeling is due to vasoconstriction". Muscle & Nerve. 27 (3): 307–311. doi:10.1002/mus.10323. PMID 12635117. S2CID 45193684.
  18. ^ Einar P. V. Wilder-Smith (2004). "Water immersion wrinkling". Clinical Autonomic Research. 14 (2): 125–131. doi:10.1007/s10286-004-0172-4. PMID 15095056. S2CID 44938772.
  19. ^ H. Zhai, K.P. Whilem H. L. Maibach (2007). Dermatotoxicology. pp. 280–281.
  20. ^ G Alvarez, J Eurolo; P Canales (1980). "Finger wrinkling after immersion in water". British Medical Journal. 281 (6240): 586–587. doi:10.1136/bmj.281.6240.586-a. PMC 1713922. PMID 7427379.
  21. ^ The Dog Encyclopedia: The Definitive Visual Guide. Penguin. 15 August 2023. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7440-8513-6.
  22. ^ Stefanaki C, Stratigos A, Katsambas A (June 2005). "Topical retinoids in the treatment of photoaging". J Cosmet Dermatol. 4 (2): 130–4. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40215.x. PMID 17166212. S2CID 44702740.
  23. ^ Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray JJ, Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M (1999). "Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia". Neurology. 53 (7): 1431–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.53.7.1431. PMID 10534247.
[edit]

Military Policlinic in Legionowo, Poland

A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.

Etymology

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The entrance to a surgery clinic in Greenwich, London

The word clinic derives from Ancient Greek κλίνειν klinein meaning to slope, lean or recline. Hence κλίνη klinē is a couch or bed and κλινικός klinikos is a physician who visits his patients in their beds.[1] In Latin, this became clīnicus.[2][3]

An early use of the word clinic was "one who receives baptism on a sick bed".[4]

Overview

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A medpunkt (health care access point) delivers primary health care to the residents of the village of Veliki Vrag, Russia.

Clinics are often associated with a general medical practice run by one or several general practitioners. Other types of clinics are run by the type of specialist associated with that type: physical therapy clinics by physiotherapists and psychology clinics by clinical psychologists, and so on for each health profession. (This can even hold true for certain services outside the medical field: for example, legal clinics are run by lawyers.)

Some clinics are operated in-house by employers, government organizations, or hospitals, and some clinical services are outsourced to private corporations which specialize in providing health services. In China, for example, owners of such clinics do not have formal medical education. There were 659,596 village clinics in China in 2011.[5]

Health care in India, China, Russia and Africa is provided to those regions' vast rural areas by mobile health clinics or roadside dispensaries, some of which integrate traditional medicine. In India these traditional clinics provide ayurvedic medicine and unani herbal medical practice. In each of these countries, traditional medicine tends to be a hereditary practice.

Function

[edit]
Policlinic in Karl-Marx-Stadt, German Democratic Republic

The function of clinics differs from country to country. For instance, a local general practice run by a single general practitioner provides primary health care and is usually run as a for-profit business by the owner, whereas a government-run specialist clinic may provide subsidized or specialized[dubiousdiscuss] health care.

Some clinics serve as a place for people with injuries or illnesses to be seen by a triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be serious enough to require a visit to an emergency room (ER), but the person can be transferred to one if needed.

Treatment at these clinics is often less expensive than it would be at a casualty department. Also, unlike an ER these clinics are often not open on a 24/7/365 basis. They sometimes have access to diagnostic equipment such as X-ray machines, especially if the clinic is part of a larger facility. Doctors at such clinics can often refer patients to specialists if the need arises.[6]

Large outpatient clinics

[edit]
Children Policlinic in Novokosino District of Moscow

Large outpatient clinics vary in size, but can be as large as hospitals.

Function

[edit]

Typical large outpatient clinics house general medical practitioners (GPs) such as doctors and nurses to provide ambulatory care and some acute care services but lack the major surgical and pre- and post-operative care facilities commonly associated with hospitals.

Policlinic in Vilnius-Karoliniškės, Lithuania

Besides GPs, if a clinic is a polyclinic, it can house outpatient departments of some medical specialties, such as gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, pulmonology, cardiology, and endocrinology. In some university cities, polyclinics contain outpatient departments for the entire teaching hospital in one building.

Internationally

[edit]
Policlinic in Písek, Czech Republic

Large outpatient clinics are a common type of healthcare facility in many countries, including France, Germany (long tradition), Switzerland, and most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (often using a mixed Soviet-German model), as well as in former Soviet republics such as Russia and Ukraine;[7] and in many countries across Asia and Africa.[8]

In Europe, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe, bigger outpatient health centers, commonly in cities and towns, are called policlinics (derived from the word polis, not from poly-).

Recent[when?] Russian governments have attempted to replace the policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed.[9]

In the Czech Republic, many policlinics were privatized or leasehold and decentralized in the post-communist era: some of them are just lessors and coordinators of a healthcare provided by private doctor's offices in the policlinic building.[10]

India has also set up huge numbers of polyclinics for former defense personnel. The network envisages 426 polyclinics in 343 districts of the country which will benefit about 33 lakh (3.3 million) ex-servicemen residing in remote and far-flung areas.[11]

Policlinics are also the backbone of Cuba's primary care system and have been credited with a role in improving that nation's health indicators.[12]

Mobile clinics

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Hinduja National Hospital's mobile clinic
A mobile health clinic operated from a truck

Providing health services through mobile clinics provides accessible healthcare services to these remote areas that have yet to make their way in the politicized space. For example, mobile clinics have proved helpful in dealing with new settlement patterns in Costa Rica. Before foreign aid organizations or the state government became involved in healthcare, Costa Rica's people managed their own health maintenance and protection.[13] People relied on various socio-cultural adaptations and remedies to prevent illnesses, such as personal hygiene and settlement patterns.[13] When new settlements that sprang up along the coast became "artificial" communities, and due to lack of traditional home healing practices here, alternative methods such as mobile clinics had to be implemented in these communities for the protection and prevention of diseases.[13]

A study done in rural Namibia revealed the health changes of orphans, vulnerable children and non-vulnerable children (OVC) visiting a mobile clinic where health facilities are far from the remote villages.[14] Over 6 months, information on immunization status, diagnosis of anemia, skin and intestinal disorders, nutrition, dental disorders was collected and showed that visits to mobile clinics improved the overall health of children that visited regularly. It concluded that specified "planning of these programs in areas with similarly identified barriers may help correct the health disparities among Namibian OVC and could be a first step in improving child morbidity and mortality in difficult-to-reach rural areas."[14]

A mobile clinic run from a pickup truck in Yemen

Food supplementation in the context of routine mobile clinic visits also shows to have improved the nutritional status of children, and it needs further exploration as a way to reduce childhood malnutrition in resource-scarce areas. A cross-sectional study focussed on comparing acute and chronic undernutrition rates prior to and after a food-supplementation program as an adjunct to routine health care for children of migrant workers residing in rural communities in the Dominican Republic.[15] Rates of chronic undernutrition decreased from 33% to 18% after the initiation of the food-supplementation program and shows that the community members attending the mobile clinics are not just passively receiving the information but are incorporating it and helping keep their children nourished.[15]

Types

[edit]
Storefront clinic in Manhattan

There are many different types of clinics providing outpatient services. Such clinics may be public (government-funded) or private medical practices.

  • A CLSC are in Quebec; they are a type of free clinic funded by the provincial government; they provide service not covered by Canada's healthcare plan including social workers
  • In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low-cost healthcare for those with little or without insurance.
  • A retail-based clinic is housed in supermarkets and similar retail outlets providing walk-in health care, which may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
  • A general out-patient clinic offers general diagnoses or treatments without an overnight stay.
  • A polyclinic or policlinic provides a range of healthcare services (including diagnostics) without need of an overnight stay
  • A specialist clinic provides advanced diagnostic or treatment services for specific diseases or parts of the body. This type contrasts with general out-patient clinics.

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ κλινικός in A Greek–English Lexicon. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  2. ^ clinicus in A Latin Dictionary. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  3. ^ Partridge, Eric. Origins: A short etymological dictionary of modern English. Book Club Associates, 1966.
  4. ^ Clinic, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
  5. ^ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Clinic search engine tools to find the right Clinic". 123 clinic. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  7. ^ NLH – Health Management – Policlinics. Retrieved 3 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Google
  9. ^ Ershova I, Rider O, Gorelov V (December 2007). "Policlinics in London". Lancet. 370 (9603): 1890–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61793-0. PMID 18068500. S2CID 43512994.
  10. ^ David Rath: Trnitá cesta privatizace českého zdravotnictví, Hospodářské noviny, 10 September 1996
  11. ^ "199 Additional Polyclinics For Ex-Servicemen". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2010.
  12. ^ Cuba's primary health care revolution: 30 years on, Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  13. ^ a b c Morgan, Lynn M. (February 1993). Community Participation in Health: The Politics of Primary Care in Costa Rica. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558092. ISBN 978-0-521-41898-0. Retrieved 8 May 2020. cite book: |website= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b Aneni, Ehimen; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Hanson, Laura; Rijnen, Bas; Brenan, Alana T.; Feeley, Frank G. (2013). "Mobile primary healthcare services and health outcomes of children in rural Namibia". Rural and Remote Health. 13 (3): 2380. ISSN 1445-6354. PMID 24016257.
  15. ^ a b Parikh, Kavita; Marein-Efron, Gabriela; Huang, Shirley; O'Hare, Geraldine; Finalle, Rodney; Shah, Samir S. (September 2010). "Nutritional Status of Children after a Food-Supplementation Program Integrated with Routine Health Care through Mobile Clinics in Migrant Communities in the Dominican Republic". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (3): 559–564. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0485. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2929051. PMID 20810820.

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