If you type “Helicopter tour Dubai panoramic ride” into a search bar, you'll find a hundred glossy images of a city built to be seen from above. But none of them prepare you for the moment the skids leave the pad, the ground loosens its grip, and Dubai rearranges itself beneath the bubble of your window into a living map-angles and curves, silver and sand, sea and sun.
The preflight ritual is unglamorous in the way most real travel is: safety briefings, weight checks, a headset adjusted on your hair, the perfume of fuel and hot tarmac in the air. Then the quick thump-thump of rotors folds into a steady wash, and the cockpit becomes a small, floating room. Conversation drops to gestures and nods; anything important rides through the pilot's voice in your ears, bright and calm. The city slides outward, and you rise.
What reveals itself first is order. From street level, Dubai can feel like a collage: glass, steel, marble, sand, bougainvillea, fountains, construction cranes. From above, it is geometry.
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Sheikh Zayed Road is a graphite ribbon with calligraphic interchanges, lanes braided and unbraided into fluent shapes. The high-rises of the Marina stand in neat ranks, mirrored by the S-curve of the waterway that gives the district its name. Yachts appear as white punctuation marks scattered across the blue.
Out over the coastline the water turns improbable shades of sherbet and jade, a color wheel only the Arabian Gulf seems to own. The helicopter banks and levels, and there it is: the Palm Jumeirah. On foot, the Palm is a long road and a series of turns. From the air, it is a drawing. The fronds radiate with such precise intent that it looks as if the city were drafted on a drafting board first and then poured into reality. The crescent breakwater holds the open Gulf at bay; a pink arch of a resort stands proud on the rim.
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You catch yourself grinning-not at luxury, but at audacity, at the human impulse to reshape a coastline into a symbol.
Past the Palm, the Burj Al Arab lifts its glass-and-steel sail from the water, theatrical even from this altitude. It's a reminder that design here is not shy. On clear days, the islands known as The World scatter themselves like an unfinished atlas offshore, some coalesced into private dreams, others still the color of potential. The pilot calls out landmarks like a docent guiding a low-flying gallery tour: Bluewaters Island with the giant arrested circle of Ain Dubai, Jumeirah's chalk-white beaches, the Museum of the Future looped in liquid steel near the base of the skyline.
And then the skyline's axis: the Burj Khalifa, an exclamation point at the end of the city's sentence. It is difficult to grasp its height from the street. From a helicopter, its dominion is unambiguous. Helicopter tour Dubai scenic ride . The building throws a shadow like a sundial across the fountain lake; afternoon light catches its facets so that it seems less an object and more a convincing rumor of one, flickering between matter and sky. The neighborhoods around it-the low-slung geometry of Business Bay, the orchestration of fountains and promenades-lie in rational bands. It's easy to imagine an urban planner's hand moving invisible rulers across this tableau.
Yet the flight is more than the spectacle of newness. A turn inland traces the pale ribbon of Dubai Creek, where abras-those stubborn little wooden water taxis-still scribble wakes between Bur Dubai and Deira. Al Fahidi's wind towers stand their ground, practical and elegant solutions to old heat. In the markets the roofs glow, corrugated tin warmed to a soft orange; somewhere, spices and gold still trade in measures that predate glass façades. This, too, is Dubai: layers, not just laminates, the old and the ultramodern stacked rather than swapped.
Time-of-day matters. Early morning flights chase long, cool shadows; the city seems cut from paper, edges sharp, colors gentle. In late afternoon, the light turns honeyed and forgiving, a cinematic filter that polishes everything it touches. Heat haze can soften the horizon, leaving the desert at the city's edge looking like a watercolor wash. If you're intent on photos, wear dark clothing to cut window glare, press the lens close to the glass, and let go of the idea that everything needs to be captured. Some of the best views don't photograph well: the way the sea and sand share a color under certain clouds, the chess-board logic of villas and schools, the sudden realization of how close the city is to its emptiness.
From the seat map you might fret about which side is best. It depends on the route, the weather, the day's air traffic. Trust that the city is generous from every angle. Pilots tilt and loop so both sides get their due, and a good tour is less a straight line than a choreography designed for fairness. The cockpit's soundtrack-the rotors, the pilot's spare commentary, the occasional whoop from a fellow passenger-becomes its own rhythm. Strangers share a private moment of collective awe, then return to being strangers when the headsets come off.
There's a conversation to be had about the cost of such perspectives, not just the ticket price but carbon, too. If you can, choose a shared flight over a private one, and consider offsetting the emissions. It's not absolution, but it's attention. What you see from above-how the city holds back the desert, how water is summoned and green is maintained-makes the mechanics of living here more visible. Respect grows alongside wonder.
Landing is a small lesson in re-entry. The pad rises, the rotors unwind, voices return to ordinary volume. Your phone buzzes back into the stream of messages as if you hadn't just lifted into a different dimension of the same place. The memory that lingers isn't only the postcard moments-the Palm's geometry, the tower's spear, the sail over the Gulf-but the patterned intelligence of it all, the way Dubai's ambition reads so clearly from the air. A helicopter tour, a Dubai panoramic ride, is less about ticking off landmarks than about acquiring a new legend for the map in your head.
And that, perhaps, is why the photos never quite measure up. They flatten what felt alive: the texture of wind, the sheen of light, the small leap your heart makes when the world falls away and rearranges itself in truth and metaphor at the same time. You come back to earth with your body unchanged and your perspective gently, permanently altered-a souvenir you won't need to pack.
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About Aerial photography
Taking images of the ground from the air
An aerial photograph using a drone of Westerheversand Lighthouse, GermanyAerial view of a swimming pool complexAn aerial photograph taken using a drone of the Vistula, a river in PolandAn aerial view of the city of Pori, FinlandAir photo of a military target used to evaluate the effect of bombing
Aerial photography (or airborne imagery) is the taking of photographs from an aircraft or other airborne platforms.[1] When taking motion pictures, it is also known as aerial videography.
Platforms for aerial photography include fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or "drones"), balloons, blimps and dirigibles, rockets, pigeons, kites, or using action cameras while skydiving or wingsuiting. Handheld cameras may be manually operated by the photographer, while mounted cameras are usually remotely operated or triggered automatically.
Hraunfossar, Iceland captured by a drone-camera[2]
Aerial photography typically refers specifically to bird's-eye view images that focus on landscapes and surface objects, and should not be confused with air-to-air photography, where one or more aircraft are used as chase planes that "chase" and photograph other aircraft in flight. Elevated photography can also produce bird's-eye images closely resembling aerial photography (despite not actually being aerial shots) when telephotoing from high vantage structures, suspended on cables (e.g. Skycam) or on top of very tall poles that are either handheld (e.g. monopods and selfie sticks), fixed firmly to the ground (e.g. surveillance cameras and crane shots) or mounted above vehicles.
History
[edit]
See also: Aerial reconnaissance § History
This section duplicates the scope of other articles, specifically Aerial reconnaissance#History. Please discuss this issue and help introduce a summary style to the section by replacing the section with a link and a summary or by splitting the content into a new article.(October 2020)
Early
[edit]
Honoré Daumier, "Nadar élevant la Photographie à la hauteur de l'Art" (Nadar elevating Photography to Art), published in Le Boulevard, May 25, 1862
Aerial photography was first practiced by the French photographer and balloonist Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, known as "Nadar", in 1858 over Paris, France.[3] However, the photographs he produced no longer exist and therefore the earliest surviving aerial photograph is titled 'Boston, as the Eagle and the Wild Goose See It.' Taken by James Wallace Black and Samuel Archer King on October 13, 1860, it depicts Boston from a height of 630m.[4][5]
Equipment Used to Make High-Altitude Photographs (1924)Aerial view by Cecil Shadbolt, showing Stonebridge Road, Stamford Hill, and Seven Sisters Curve, part of the Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway, taken from 2,000 feet (610 m) on 29 May 1882 – the earliest extant aerial photograph taken in the British Isles
Kite aerial photography was pioneered by British meteorologist E.D. Archibald in 1882. He used an explosive charge on a timer to take photographs from the air.[6] The same year, Cecil Shadbolt devised a method of taking photographs from the basket of a gas balloon, including shots looking vertically downwards.[7][8] One of his images, taken from 2,000 feet (610 m) over Stamford Hill, is the earliest extant aerial photograph taken in the British Isles.[7] A print of the same image, An Instantaneous Map Photograph taken from the Car of a Balloon, 2,000 feet high, was shown at the 1882 Photographic Society exhibition.[8]
Frenchman Arthur Batut began using kites for photography in 1888, and wrote a book on his methods in 1890.[9][10] Samuel Franklin Cody developed his advanced 'Man-lifter War Kite' and succeeded in interesting the British War Office with its capabilities.
Antique postcard from Grand Rapids, Michigan, using kite photo technique (c. 1911)
In 1908, Albert Samama Chikly filmed the first ever aerial views using a balloon between Hammam-Lif and Grombalia.[11] The first use of a motion picture camera mounted to a heavier-than-air aircraft took place on April 24, 1909, over Rome in the 3:28 silent film short, Wilbur Wright und seine Flugmaschine.
World War I
[edit]
Giza pyramid complex, photographed from Eduard Spelterini's balloon on November 21, 1904
The use of aerial photography rapidly matured during the war, as reconnaissance aircraft were equipped with cameras to record enemy movements and defenses. At the start of the conflict, the usefulness of aerial photography was not fully appreciated, with reconnaissance being accomplished with map sketching from the air.
Germany adopted the first aerial camera, a Görz, in 1913. The French began the war with several squadrons of Blériot observation aircraft equipped with cameras for reconnaissance. The French Army developed procedures for getting prints into the hands of field commanders in record time.
Frederick Charles Victor Laws started aerial photography experiments in 1912 with No.1 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps (later No. 1 Squadron RAF), taking photographs from the British dirigible Beta. He discovered that vertical photos taken with a 60% overlap could be used to create a stereoscopic effect when viewed in a stereoscope, thus creating a perception of depth that could aid in cartography and in intelligence derived from aerial images. The Royal Flying Corps recon pilots began to use cameras for recording their observations in 1914 and by the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in 1915, the entire system of German trenches was being photographed.[12] In 1916, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy made vertical camera axis aerial photos above Italy for map-making.
The first purpose-built and practical aerial camera was invented by Captain John Moore-Brabazon in 1915 with the help of the Thornton-Pickard company, greatly enhancing the efficiency of aerial photography. The camera was inserted into the floor of the aircraft and could be triggered by the pilot at intervals. Moore-Brabazon also pioneered the incorporation of stereoscopic techniques into aerial photography, allowing the height of objects on the landscape to be discerned by comparing photographs taken at different angles.[13][14]
By the end of the war, aerial cameras had dramatically increased in size and focal power and were used increasingly frequently as they proved their pivotal military worth; by 1918, both sides were photographing the entire front twice a day and had taken over half a million photos since the beginning of the conflict. In January 1918, General Allenby used five Australian pilots from No. 1 Squadron AFC to photograph a 624 square miles (1,620 km2) area in Palestine as an aid to correcting and improving maps of the Turkish front. This was a pioneering use of aerial photography as an aid for cartography. Lieutenants Leonard Taplin, Allan Runciman Brown, H. L. Fraser, Edward Patrick Kenny, and L. W. Rogers photographed a block of land stretching from the Turkish front lines 32 miles (51 km) deep into their rear areas. Beginning 5 January, they flew with a fighter escort to ward off enemy fighters. Using Royal Aircraft Factory BE.12 and Martinsyde airplanes, they not only overcame enemy air attacks, but also had to contend with 65 mph (105 km/h) winds, antiaircraft fire, and malfunctioning equipment to complete their task.[15]
Commercial
[edit]
New York City in 1932, aerial photograph of Fairchild Aerial Surveys IncMilton Kent with his aerial camera, June 1953, Milton Kent Studio, Sydney
The first commercial aerial photography company in the UK was Aerofilms Ltd, founded by World War I veterans Francis Wills and Claude Graham White in 1919. The company soon expanded into a business with major contracts in Africa and Asia as well as in the UK. Operations began from the Stag Lane Aerodrome at Edgware, using the aircraft of the London Flying School. Subsequently, the Aircraft Manufacturing Company (later the De Havilland Aircraft Company), hired an Airco DH.9 along with pilot entrepreneur Alan Cobham.[16]
From 1921, Aerofilms carried out vertical photography for survey and mapping purposes. During the 1930s, the company pioneered the science of photogrammetry (mapping from aerial photographs), with the Ordnance Survey amongst the company's clients.[17] In 1920, the Australian Milton Kent started using a half-plate oblique aero camera purchased from Carl Zeiss AG in his aerial photographic business.[18]
Another successful pioneer of the commercial use of aerial photography was the American Sherman Fairchild who started with his own aircraft firm Fairchild Aircraft to develop and build specialized aircraft for high altitude aerial survey missions.[19] One Fairchild aerial survey aircraft in 1935 carried a unit that combined two synchronized cameras. Utilizing two units of ten lenses each with a ten-inch lens, the aircraft took photos from 23,000 feet. Each photo covered two hundred and twenty-five square miles. One of its first government contracts was an aerial survey of New Mexico to study soil erosion.[20] A year later, Fairchild introduced a better high altitude camera with a nine-lens in one unit that could take a photo covering 600 square miles with each exposure from 30,000 feet.[21]
World War II
[edit]
Sidney Cotton's Lockheed 12A, in which he made a high-speed reconnaissance flight in 1940
In 1939, Sidney Cotton and Flying Officer Maurice Longbottom of the RAF were among the first to suggest that airborne reconnaissance may be a task better suited to fast, small aircraft which would use their speed and high service ceiling to avoid detection and interception. Although this seems obvious now, with modern reconnaissance tasks performed by fast, high flying aircraft, at the time it was radical thinking.[citation needed]
They proposed the use of Spitfires with their armament and radios removed and replaced with extra fuel and cameras. This led to the development of the Spitfire PR variants. Spitfires proved to be extremely successful in their reconnaissance role and there were many variants built specifically for that purpose. They served initially with what later became No. 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit (PRU). In 1928, the RAF developed an electric heating system for the aerial camera. This allowed reconnaissance aircraft to take pictures from very high altitudes without the camera parts freezing.[22] Based at RAF Medmenham, the collection and interpretation of such photographs became a considerable enterprise.[23]
Cotton's aerial photographs were far ahead of their time. Together with other members of the 1 PRU, he pioneered the techniques of high-altitude, high-speed stereoscopic photography that were instrumental in revealing the locations of many crucial military and intelligence targets. According to R.V. Jones, photographs were used to establish the size and the characteristic launching mechanisms for both the V-1 flying bomb and the V-2 rocket. Cotton also worked on ideas such as a prototype specialist reconnaissance aircraft and further refinements of photographic equipment. At the peak, the British flew over 100 reconnaissance flights a day, yielding 50,000 images per day to interpret. Similar efforts were taken by other countries.[citation needed]
While stationed on an aircraft carrier in Imperial Japan, FS Hussain, a pilot in the Royal Indian Air Force, was tasked with photographing the aftermath of the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[24] Unaware of the risks of exposure to radiation, it led to his death in 1969 at the age of 44.[25]
Uses
[edit]
Vertical aerial photography is used in cartography[26] (particularly in photogrammetric surveys, which are often the basis for topographic maps[27][28]), land-use planning,[26] aerial archaeology.[26] Oblique aerial photography is used for movie production, environmental studies,[29] power line inspection,[30] surveillance, construction progress, commercial advertising, conveyancing, and artistic projects. An example of how aerial photography is used in the field of archaeology is the mapping project done at the site Angkor Borei in Cambodia from 1995 to 1996. Using aerial photography, archaeologists were able to identify archaeological features, including 112 water features (reservoirs, artificially constructed pools and natural ponds) within the walled site of Angkor Borei.[31] In the United States, aerial photographs are used in many Phase I Environmental Site Assessments for property analysis.
Aircraft
[edit]
In the United States, except when necessary for take-off and landing, full-sized manned aircraft are prohibited from flying at altitudes under 1000 feet over congested areas and not closer than 500 feet from any person, vessel, vehicle or structure over non-congested areas. Certain exceptions are allowed for helicopters, powered parachutes and weight-shift-control aircraft.[32]
Radio-controlled
[edit]
Advancements in drone technology have allowed aerial photographs to be taken by quadcopter drones, such as this DJI Mavic Pro.
Advances in radio controlled models have made it possible for model aircraft to conduct low-altitude aerial photography. This had benefited real-estate advertising, where commercial and residential properties are the photographic subject. In 2014, the US Federal Aviation Administration banned the use of drones for photographs in real estate advertisements.[33] The ban has been lifted and commercial aerial photography using drones of UAS is regulated under the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018.[34][35] Commercial pilots have to complete the requirements for a Part 107 license,[36] while amateur and non-commercial use is restricted by the FAA.[37]
Small scale model aircraft offer increased photographic access to these previously restricted areas. Miniature vehicles do not replace full-size aircraft, as full-size aircraft are capable of longer flight times, higher altitudes, and greater equipment payloads. They are, however, useful in any situation in which a full-scale aircraft would be dangerous to operate. Examples would include the inspection of transformers atop power transmission lines and slow, low-level flight over agricultural fields, both of which can be accomplished by a large-scale radio-controlled helicopter. Professional-grade, gyroscopically stabilized camera platforms are available for use under such a model; a large model helicopter with a 26cc gasoline engine can hoist a payload of approximately seven kilograms (15 pounds). One example is the radio controlled Nitrohawk helicopter developed by Robert Channon between 1988 and 1998.[38] In addition to gyroscopically stabilized footage, the use of RC copters as reliable aerial photography tools increased with the integration of FPV (first-person-view) technology. Many radio-controlled aircraft, in particular drones, are now capable of utilizing Wi-Fi to stream live video from the aircraft's camera back to the pilot's or pilot in command's (PIC) ground station.[39]
Regulations
[edit]
See also: Regulation of unmanned aerial vehicles
Australia
[edit]
In Australia, Civil Aviation Safety Regulation Part 101 (CASR Part 101)[40] allows for commercial use of unmanned and remotely piloted aircraft. Under these regulations, unmanned remotely piloted aircraft for commercial are referred to as Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), whereas radio-controlled aircraft for recreational purposes are referred to as model aircraft. Under CASR Part 101, businesses/persons operating remotely piloted aircraft commercially are required to hold an operator certificate, just like manned aircraft operators. Pilots of remotely piloted aircraft operating commercially are also required to be licensed by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA).[41] While a small RPAS and model aircraft may actually be identical, unlike model aircraft, a RPAS may enter controlled airspace with approval, and operate close to an aerodrome.
Due to a number of illegal operators in Australia, making false claims of being approved, CASA maintains and publishes a list of approved remote operator's certificate (ReOC) holders.[42] However, CASA has modified the regulations and from September 29, 2016, drones under 2 kg (4.4 lb) may be operated for commercial purposes.[43]
United States
[edit]
2006 FAA regulations grounding all commercial RC model flights have been upgraded to require formal FAA certification before permission is granted to fly at any altitude in the US.
On June 25, 2014, the FAA, in ruling 14 CFR Part 91 [Docket No. FAA–2014–0396] "Interpretation of the Special Rule for Model Aircraft", banned the commercial use of unmanned aircraft over U.S. airspace.[44] On September 26, 2014, the FAA began granting the right to use drones in aerial filmmaking. Operators are required to be licensed pilots and must keep the drone in view at all times. Drones cannot be used to film in areas where people might be put at risk.[45]
The FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 established, in Section 336, a special rule for model aircraft. In Section 336, Congress confirmed the FAA's long-standing position that model aircraft are aircraft. Under the terms of the Act, a model aircraft is defined as "an unmanned aircraft" that is "(1) capable of sustained flight in the atmosphere; (2) flown within visual line of sight of the person operating the aircraft; and (3) flown for hobby or recreational purposes."[46]
Because anything capable of being viewed from a public space is considered outside the realm of privacy in the United States, aerial photography may legally document features and occurrences on private property.[47]
The FAA can pursue enforcement action against persons operating model aircraft who endanger the safety of the national airspace system: Public Law 112–95, section 336(b).[33]
On June 21, 2016, the FAA released its summary of small unmanned aircraft rules (Part 107). The rules established guidelines for small UAS operators including operating only during the daytime, a 400 ft (120 m). ceiling and pilots must keep the UAS in visual range.[48]
On April 7, 2017, the FAA announced special security instructions under 14 CFR § 99.7. Effective April 14, 2017, all UAS flights within 400 feet of the lateral boundaries of U.S. military installations are prohibited unless a special permit is secured from the base and/or the FAA.[49]
United Kingdom
[edit]
Aerial photography in the UK has tight regulations as to where a drone is able to fly.[50]
Aerial Photography on Light aircraft under 20 kg (44 lb). Basic Rules for non commercial flying Of a SUA (Small Unmanned Aircraft).
Article 241 Endangering safety of any person or property states that a person must not recklessly or negligently cause or permit an aircraft to endanger any person or property.
Article 94 mentions the following about small unmanned aircraft:
A person must not cause or permit any article or animal (whether or not attached to a parachute) to be dropped from a small unmanned aircraft so as to endanger persons or property.
The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft may only fly the aircraft if reasonably satisfied that the flight can safely be made.
The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft must maintain direct, unaided visual contact with the aircraft sufficient to monitor its flight path in relation to other aircraft, persons, vehicles, vessels and structures for the purpose of avoiding collisions. (500 m (1,600 ft))
The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft which has a mass of more than 7 kg (15 lb) excluding its fuel but including any articles or equipment installed in or attached to the aircraft at the commencement of its flight, must not fly the aircraft:
In Class A, C, D or E airspace unless the permission of the appropriate air traffic control unit has been obtained;
Within an aerodrome traffic zone during the notified hours of watch of the air traffic control unit (if any) at that aerodrome unless the permission of any such air traffic control unit has been obtained;
At a height of more than 400 feet above the surface
The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft must not fly the aircraft for the purposes of commercial operations except in accordance with a permission granted by the CAA.
Article 95 has the following to say about small unmanned surveillance aircraft:
You Must not fly your aircraft over or within 150 metres of any congested Area.
Over or within 150 m (490 ft) of an organised open-air assembly of more than 1,000 persons.
Within 50 m (160 ft) of any vessel, vehicle or structure which is not under the control of the person in charge of the aircraft.
Within 50 m of any person, during take-off or landing, a small unmanned surveillance aircraft must not be flown within 30 m (98 ft) of any person. This does not apply to the person in charge of the small unmanned surveillance aircraft or a person under the control of the person in charge of the aircraft.
Model aircraft with a mass of more than 20 kg are termed 'Large Model Aircraft' – within the UK, large model aircraft may only be flown in accordance with an exemption from the ANO, which must be issued by the CAA.
Types
[edit]
Oblique
[edit]
Oblique Aerial Photo
Photographs taken at an angle are called oblique photographs. If they are taken from a low angle relative to the earth's surface, they are called low oblique and photographs taken from a high angle are called high or steep oblique.[51]
An aerial photographer prepares continuous oblique shooting in a Cessna 206
Vertical (Nadir)
[edit]
Vertical Orientation Aerial Photo
Vertical photographs are taken straight down.[52] They are mainly used in photogrammetry and image interpretation. Pictures that will be used in photogrammetry are traditionally taken with special large format cameras with calibrated and documented geometric properties.
A vertical still from a kite aerial thermal video of part of a former brickworks site captured at night. http://www.armadale.org.uk/aerialthermography.htm
Combined
[edit]
Aerial photographs are often combined. Depending on their purpose, it can be done in several ways, of which a few are listed below.
Panoramas can be made by stitching several photographs taken in different angles from one spot (e.g. with a hand held camera) or from different spots at the same angle (e.g. from a plane).
Stereo photography techniques allow for the creation of 3D-images from several photographs of the same area taken from different spots.
In pictometry, five rigidly mounted cameras provide one vertical and four low oblique pictures that can be used together.
In some digital cameras, for aerial photogrammetry images from several imaging elements, sometimes with separate lenses, are geometrically corrected and combined to one image in the camera.
Orthophotomap
[edit]
Vertical photographs are often used to create orthophotos, alternatively known as orthophotomaps, photographs which have been geometrically "corrected" so as to be usable as a map. In other words, an orthophoto is a simulation of a photograph taken from an infinite distance, looking straight down to nadir. Perspective must obviously be removed, but variations in terrain should also be corrected for. Multiple geometric transformations are applied to the image, depending on the perspective and terrain corrections required on a particular part of the image.
Orthophotos are commonly used in geographic information systems, such as are used by mapping agencies (e.g. Ordnance Survey) to create maps. Once the images have been aligned, or "registered", with known real-world coordinates, they can be widely deployed.
Large sets of orthophotos, typically derived from multiple sources and divided into "tiles" (each typically 256 x 256 pixels in size), are widely used in online map systems such as Google Maps. OpenStreetMap offers the use of similar orthophotos for deriving new map data. Google Earth overlays orthophotos or satellite imagery onto a digital elevation model to simulate 3D landscapes.
Leaf-off or leaf-on
[edit]
Aerial photography may be labeled as either "leaf-off" or on "leaf-on" to indicate whether deciduous foliage is in the photograph. Leaf-off photographs show less foliage or no foliage at all, and are used to see the ground and things on the ground more closely. Leaf-on photographs are used to measure crop health and yield. For forestry purposes, some species of trees are easier to distinguish from other kinds of trees with leaf-off photography, while other species are easier to distinguish with leaf-on photography.[53]
Video
[edit]
The Cliffs of Moher, filmed with a drone (2014)
With advancements in video technology, aerial video is becoming more popular. Orthogonal video is shot from aircraft mapping pipelines, crop fields, and other points of interest. Using GPS, video may be embedded with meta data and later synced with a video mapping program.
This "Spatial Multimedia" is the timely union of digital media including still photography, motion video, stereo, panoramic imagery sets, immersive media constructs, audio, and other data with location and date-time information from the GPS and other location designs.
Aerial videos are emerging Spatial Multimedia which can be used for scene understanding and object tracking. The input video is captured by low flying aerial platforms and typically consists of strong parallax from non-ground-plane structures. The integration of digital video, global positioning systems (GPS) and automated image processing will improve the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of data collection and reduction. Several different aerial platforms are under investigation for the data collection.
In film production, it is common to use a unmanned aerial vehicle with a mounted cine camera.[54] For example, the AERIGON cinema drone is used for low aerial shots in big blockbuster movies.[55]
Wikipedia category for articles on aerial photographers
References
[edit]
^
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^"Fotografi og film med drone | Odd & Ivø Photography | Rungsted Kyst". Oddivo. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
^History of Aerial Photography Professional Aerial Photographers Association (retrieved 5 October 2016)
^Ron Graham and Roger E. Read, Manual of Aerial Photography, London and Boston, Focal Press, ISBN 0-240-51229-4
^Staff writer (April 3, 2013). "This Picture of Boston, Circa 1860, Is the World's Oldest Surviving Aerial Photo". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
^Archibald, Douglas (1897). "The Story of the Earth's Atmosphere". p. 174. Retrieved 2011-04-16.
^ ab"The Shadbolt Collection". Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^ abColin, Fenn (2016). "George & Cecil Shadbolt – Pioneer Photographers" (PDF). Friends of West Norwood. Newsletter (86): 6–8.
^Benton, Cris (June 25, 2010). "The First Kite Photographs". arch.ced.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2011-04-16.
^"Arthur Batut Museum" (in French). Retrieved 2008-01-08.
^Luke McKernan, Albert Samama Chikly, archived from archived from victorian-cinema.net, July 2015
^"A Brief History of Aerial Photography". Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
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^Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2003). How It Works: Science and Technology. Marshall Cavendish. p. 33. ISBN 9780761473145.
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^"BFI Screenonline: Friese-Greene, Claude (1898–1943) Biography". www.screenonline.org.uk.
^"Municipal Air Surveys. Contracts From Doncaster And Birkenhead". The Times. No. 44229. column E. Gale:The Times digital archive 1785–1985. 25 March 1926. p. 11. Retrieved 30 August 2012. (subscription required)
^A Modern Ariel with a camera, People [magazine], July 15, 1953, pp. 24-27
^Donald, David (1997). The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Barnes & Noble Books. p. 382. ISBN 0-7607-0592-5.
^Hearst Magazines (October 1935). "Wide Area Is Mapped From Air By Giant Ten Lens Camera". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. p. 535.
^Hearst Magazines (April 1936). "Nine Lens Aerial Camera Films 600 Square Miles". Popular Science. Hearst Magazines. p. 571.
^"Edgerton in World War II: Before Edgerton". web.mit.edu. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
^Cotton, Sidney (1969). Aviator Extraordinary: The Sidney Cotton Story. Chatto & Windus. p. 169. ISBN 0-7011-1334-0.
^Azam Qadri (2014). Sentinels in the Sky: A Saga of PAF's Gallant Air Warriors. PAF Book Club. pp. 12–19.
^"Air Commodore FS Hussain: The pioneer of PAF aerobatics". The News International. 23 March 2019.
^ abc"Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing". University of Colorado Boulder. 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
^Mills, J.P.; et al. (1997). "Photogrammetry from Archived Digital Imagery for Seal Monitoring". The Photogrammetric Record. 15 (89): 715–724. Bibcode:1997PgRec..15..715M. doi:10.1111/0031-868X.00080. S2CID 140189982.
^Twiss, S.D.; et al. (2001). "Topographic spatial characterisation of grey seal Halichoerus grypus breeding habitat at a sub-seal size spatial grain". Ecography. 24 (3): 257–266. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2001.tb00198.x.
^Stewart, J.E.; et al. (2014). "Finescale ecological niche modeling provides evidence that lactating gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) prefer access to fresh water in order to drink" (PDF). Marine Mammal Science. 30 (4): 1456–1472. Bibcode:2014MMamS..30.1456S. doi:10.1111/mms.12126.
^Yan, Guangjian; Li, Chaoyang; Zhou, Guoqing; Zhang, Wuming; Li, Xiaowen (2007). "Automatic Extraction of Power Lines from Aerial Images". IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters. 4 (3): 387–391. Bibcode:2007IGRSL...4..387Y. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2007.895714. S2CID 33499293.
^Stark, M. T., Griffin, P., Phoeurn, C., Ledgerwood, J., Dega, M., Mortland, C., ... & Latinis, K. (1999). Results of the 1995–1996 archaeological field investigations at Angkor Borei, Cambodia. Asian Perspectives 38(1)
^United States Federal Aviation Regulations FAR part 91 section 119(14CFR91.119)
^ abFederal register
^Guthrie, Brett (2018-10-05). "Text - H.R.302 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
^Chavers, Marcus (2018-10-04). "Drone Enthusiasts and Industry Await FAA Reauthorization Act". News Ledge. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
^"Certificated Remote Pilots including Commercial Operators". www.faa.gov. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
^Steve Hynes (October 1994). "Eye in the Sky". Professional Photographer. pp. 53–56.
^"Understanding how your drone is controlled". Retrieved 27 March 2023.
^"Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998". Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority. December 19, 2002. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
^"Civil Aviation Safety Authority". Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority. December 19, 2002. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
^"List of UAS Operator Certificate Holders". Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
^"Part 101 Amendments – Cutting red tape for remotely piloted aircraft". CASA. 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
^Huerta, Michael P. (18 June 2014). "Interpretation of the Special Rule for Model Aircraft" (PDF). FAA. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
^"U.S. Transportation Secretary Foxx Announces FAA Exemptions for Commercial UAS Movie and TV Production". Press Release. FAA. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
^Public Law 112–95, section 336(c).
^California v. Ciraolo, 476 U.S. 206 (1986)
^"SUMMARY OF SMALL UNMANNED AIRCRAFT RULE (PART 107)" (PDF). FAA. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^"Security Sensitive Airspace Restrictions". FAA. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
^"UK Drone law". Aerial Republic. 24 March 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
^"Lecture 6.1: Classification of Photographs". The Remote Sensing Core Curriculum. University of Maryland, Baltimore County. 1999. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
^Short, Nicholas (2010-04-28). "Elements of Aerial Photography". Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 10-1. NASA. Archived from the original on March 17, 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
^What is the difference between leaf-on and leaf-off imagery?, MapaSyst, Extension Foundation, August 21, 2019
^Mademlis, Ioannis; Nikolaidis, Nikos; Tefas, Anastasios; Pitas, Ioannis; Tilman, Wagner; Messina, Alberto (2019). "Autonomous UAV cinematography: A tutorial and a formalized shot-type taxonomy". ACM Computing Surveys. 52 (5). New York, NY: ACM: 1–33. doi:10.1145/3347713. S2CID 202676119.
^"AERIGON cinema drone (UAV) pioneering in film production". Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Further reading
[edit]
Price, Alfred (2003). Targeting the Reich: Allied Photographic Reconnaissance over Europe, 1939–1945. [S.l.]: Military Book Club. N.B.: First published 2003 by Greenhill Books, London. ISBN 0-7394-3496-9
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aerial photography.
Look up aerial photography in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Aerial Photography: An Overview on YouTube, from the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
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We booked this as a surprise for my son's birthday and we nailed it - he loved the thrill of the helicopter ride itself, but also the spectacular views from above. The pilot was very friendly and knowledgeable. We learned so much more about Abu Dhabi than we would have ever done from walking around - and the views from above of the Mosque and of the palaces are unmatched.It is MUST experience in Abu Dhabi.
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates