Home Makeover Surrey

Home Makeover Surrey

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Choosing Canyon Property Projects means you're opting for a hassle-free renovation experience characterized by reliability, efficiency, and outstanding results. Fence and gate installation We're not just building or renovating a space; we're bringing your dream home to life, and our project management expertise guarantees we'll do it right, on time, and within budget. Their team didn't just meet our expectations; they exceeded them, ensuring every detail reflected our personal style while emphasizing sustainability.'Mike and Jenna R. Learn more about Home Makeover Surrey here recount, 'We were impressed with how Canyon Property Projects managed our home addition. Learn more about Home Renovation Surrey here. It's not just about slapping on a new coat of paint; it's a comprehensive overhaul that breathes new life into every corner of your home.
You'll notice we prioritize materials that aren't only durable but also sourced responsibly. Door installation Whether you're looking to enhance your curb appeal with a new deck or patio or need comprehensive landscaping services, we've got you covered. Once the project is complete, they conduct a detailed walkthrough with you to ensure every detail is to your liking.
We'll also discuss your budget and timeline, ensuring everything aligns with your expectations from the get-go. Understanding the financial constraints and diverse needs of Home Makeover Surrey homeowners, they've structured their pricing to be as competitive and transparent as possible. They're not just there to oversee the work; they're there to answer your questions, address your concerns, and adjust plans on the fly to accommodate any changes you might want to make.
Whether it's integrating hidden workstations into kitchen areas or creating convertible play spaces for children, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. is setting a new standard in making every square foot of your home work smarter, not harder. They keep you in the loop at every stage of the project, ensuring there are no surprises. One standout example is the complete overhaul of a 1960s bungalow into a modern, energy-efficient family home.

After reading the glowing testimonials, you might be wondering how to embark on your own renovation journey with Canyon Property. Let's transform your house into the home of your dreams, with every detail reflecting our commitment to excellence and your personal style. Throughout this phase, communication is key.

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We don't just stop at the basics; we also offer custom carpentry, enabling unique additions that make your home truly yours. Let's transform your space into something you'll love, reflecting your style and enhancing your quality of life.

We're here to work closely with you, making sure you're informed about potential cost implications and helping you make decisions that align with your budget and your vision. This dynamic method ensures that the end result isn't just what you asked for; it's more than you imagined. But what really sets Canyon Property apart is their commitment to quality and detail. They dive deep into the aesthetics, from sleek, contemporary designs to classic elegance, ensuring every detail aligns with your vision.

You'll notice the difference this makes the moment you step into a space transformed by Canyon Property Projects. Our team then crafts a design plan tailored just for you, incorporating your feedback and preferences at every step. It's all about making informed decisions that align with your values. Another success story comes from a family in need of a major bathroom renovation. 'We were dreading the process, but Canyon made it seamless.

Our experience spans across all facets of home renovation, ensuring that your vision comes to life in ways that exceed your expectations. Whether you're dreaming of a modern kitchen makeover, an expansive new living area, or a luxurious bathroom upgrade, we've got the expertise to bring your vision to life. You're likely seeking a partner that combines a unique renovation approach with tailored design solutions, and that's precisely where Canyon stands out. This approach proves you don't have to sacrifice comfort for sustainability.

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Citations and other links

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When you're looking to transform your home, you'll find that their approach is both refreshing and highly efficient. You'll see their impact in the parks they've revitalized and the public spaces they've enhanced, all part of their commitment to give back. Our skilled craftsmen take pride in their work, paying close attention to every detail to ensure the final product is nothing short of perfection. We couldn't be happier with the outcome.'Finally, Lisa G. notes, 'Their customer service is unmatched.
At the helm, we've got Alex Johnson, our visionary founder and lead architect, who's spent over two decades perfecting the art of transforming spaces into bespoke living experiences. What sets us apart is our commitment to communication and collaboration. Our goal is to create spaces that aren't only visually stunning but also functionally advanced.
First, you'll reach out to their team, either through a quick call or by filling out an online form on their website. Stay tuned to uncover the intricacies of their approach, which might just redefine your expectations for home renovation projects. Walk-in shower installation At Canyon Property Projects, we know that a one-size-fits-all approach doesn't work for everyone. Read more about Home Makeover Surrey here
We understand the importance of reducing our carbon footprint and strive to make eco-friendly choices from start to finish. You'll find that our services extend beyond mere aesthetics. Their mastery in turning the ordinary into the extraordinary is not just about the skillful hands at work but also about building a trust within the community that their homes are more than structures; they're dreams being realized.

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They're not satisfied until you're looking at your newly renovated space with complete satisfaction. This is where you'll share your vision, needs, and the budget you're working with. Choosing Canyon Property for your renovation needs means investing in unparalleled expertise and quality, ensuring your Home Makeover Surrey home transformation is in the best hands. At Canyon Property Projects, we specialize in transforming your space with high-quality renovations, ensuring every detail meets your vision and standards. Embarking on a home renovation journey with Canyon Property Projects starts with a simple, yet comprehensive consultation to understand your vision and needs.

Moreover, Canyon Property Projects Ltd prioritizes recycling and minimizing waste during your renovation. Our team at Canyon Property Projects doesn't just follow the latest trends; we're setting them. Whether it's transforming a quaint living space into a modern oasis or revitalizing an old structure to meet contemporary standards, Canyon's success stories are a testament to their competitive pricing and deep community involvement. House remodeling experts Lastly, don't overlook government loans or grants, especially if your project includes energy-efficient upgrades.

Properly insulating your home means your heating and cooling systems don't have to work as hard, saving energy and money in the long run. Experienced renovation team Surrey Canyon Property Projects deeply values its role in the Home Makeover Surrey community, actively participating in local initiatives to strengthen neighborhood bonds and enhance the area's overall well-being. From elevating functional living spaces to ensuring every client's satisfaction, their commitment to excellence sets a new benchmark. This could be anything from a complete home makeover to more targeted updates in areas like your kitchen or bathroom.

This step is crucial to avoid legal problems and ensure your renovation meets all safety standards. This depth of knowledge means they can tackle challenges creatively and efficiently. Their ability to consistently exceed expectations is what sets them apart in the competitive renovation industry. By choosing Canyon Property Projects, you're opting for a renovation that respects the environment while enhancing your living space.

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Dive into our Before and After Gallery to witness the transformative power of Canyon Property Projects' eco-friendly renovations firsthand. It's all about making sure you're comfortable and confident with the plan before any work begins. Their team is made up of artisans who pride themselves on their ability to transform any space into a masterpiece that reflects your unique style and personality. They're available from 8 AM to 6 PM, Monday through Friday, ensuring you can discuss your project without having to rearrange your day.

This step is crucial for aligning your dreams with the reality of the space and structural possibilities. We're not just living in a more beautiful home, but a more environmentally conscious one too.'What stands out in these testimonials is the consistent mention of Canyon Property Projects Ltd's commitment to their clients' visions and the planet's well-being. Furthermore, we use only the highest quality materials and the latest technologies to deliver superior results that not only look beautiful but are also built to last.

Each photo tells a story of spaces reborn, highlighting our commitment to sustainable building practices and innovative design. From the initial idea to the final touches, they've got you covered. Next up, meet Maria Gonzalez, our interior design guru.

They're committed to using high-quality materials and the latest technologies to deliver a kitchen that withstands the test of time. That's why we're committed to efficient timelines and transparent costings. Exterior siding replacement Imagine controlling your home's lighting, security, and climate with just a few taps on your smartphone.

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Whether it's modernizing the living areas with state-of-the-art technology or turning your bathroom into a spa-like retreat, they've got the expertise to make it happen.

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They can install them.

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We're thrilled with the result and the eco-friendly approach.' This sentiment is echoed across numerous testimonials, with many praising the team's ability to blend aesthetic appeal with environmental responsibility. You'll notice that our designs emphasize natural light, reducing the need for artificial lighting and further decreasing energy consumption. Plus, their commitment to sustainability means you can enjoy a more energy-efficient home, reducing your carbon footprint while saving on utility bills. They even offer painting, flooring, and wall treatments to ensure every corner of your room reflects your personal style.
What sets Canyon Property Projects Ltd. apart is their commitment to quality and attention to detail. This means you're always in the loop, able to make informed decisions quickly. This means you're not just getting quality craftsmanship; you're also benefiting from insights that can only come from years of honing their craft.
This means you're paying for the actual work and materials needed, without unnecessary markups or hidden fees that can often inflate renovation costs. As you imagine a future where your home evolves with your lifestyle, Canyon Property Projects offers the first step towards making that vision a reality. One homeowner shares, 'They transformed our kitchen while sticking to green materials.
Moreover, modular designs will allow you to reconfigure your space effortlessly as your needs change, making your home truly future-proof. Canyon Property Projects isn't just transforming bathrooms; they're also revolutionizing kitchens into culinary paradises. Let Canyon Property Projects guide you through a full-scale renovation that turns your current house into the dream home you've always wanted.

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A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
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Further reading

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Frequently Asked Questions

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