Home Remodeling Experts Surrey

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey

Garage conversion

Imagine your living room doubling as a cozy home office during the day or your spare bedroom serving as both a guest room and a creative studio. Learn more about Home Remodeling Experts Surrey here First, consider a home equity loan or line of credit. Fortunately, contacting them is straightforward and customer-friendly. Plus, we're big on insulation.
It's the precision in our work that sets your property apart, ensuring every corner, joint, and finish reflects our dedication to excellence. Feedback consistently points to the professionalism and expertise of the Canyon Property team. 'Their attention to detail and sustainability has made our home not just more beautiful, but also more energy-efficient,' says a satisfied homeowner. You'll find that their expertise isn't just about fixing problems; it's about elevating your home's efficiency and sustainability. Learn more about Home Renovation Surrey here.
Communication is key. Sarah M.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey - Bathroom renovation

  1. Bedroom remodeling
  2. Interior painting
  3. Garage renovation
  4. Financing options for renovation
  5. Foundation repair
  6. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  7. Exterior home renovation
  8. Basement waterproofing
  9. Exterior painting
  10. Basement finishing
  11. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  12. Entertainment room renovation
  13. Whole house renovation
  14. Modern home renovation Surrey
  15. Laundry room renovation
shares, 'Canyon Property transformed our outdated kitchen into a modern, energy-efficient space. We understand that your home is a reflection of you, which is why we're dedicated to not just meeting, but exceeding your renovation expectations.
It's not just about a makeover; it's about creating a space that reflects your personality and meets your lifestyle needs. But before you make any decisions, consider the testimonials from satisfied clients and how their experiences might mirror the outcome you're hoping for. We listen carefully to your ideas and concerns, ensuring that communication remains open and consistent throughout the project.

Home insulation upgrades

Canyon Property Projects Ltd. doesn't just stop at aesthetics and utility; they're also committed to using sustainable materials and energy-efficient designs, ensuring your kitchen makeover is as environmentally friendly as it's beautiful.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey - Bedroom remodeling

  • Home insulation upgrades
  • Bedroom remodeling
  • Interior painting
  • Garage renovation
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Foundation repair
  • Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Exterior painting
  • Basement finishing
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Entertainment room renovation
  • Whole house renovation
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Electrical renovations
You won't have to juggle multiple contractors or worry about the coherence of the final result. In essence, you've shown that building community trust isn't just a byproduct of doing business; it's a deliberate and integral part of how Canyon Property Projects operates. Let's make your dream home a reality without breaking the bank. Here's what you need to do.

This collaborative approach guarantees that the end result isn't just satisfactory-it's exactly what you envisioned or better. Instead, you're investing in quality workmanship that stands the test of time. So, when you're ready to step into the future of home renovation, let Canyon Property Projects be your guide. From the initial consultation to the final touches, your vision, budget, and timeline guide every decision.

Our team employs advanced insulation techniques and energy-efficient windows to lower your home's energy consumption. Together, they make up a powerhouse team at Canyon Property Projects, dedicated to turning your renovation dreams into a reality with an unmatched level of expertise, passion, and precision. Whether you're dreaming of an open-plan layout or a sophisticated entertainment area, they're equipped to bring those visions to reality. In the end, Canyon Property Projects doesn't just manage projects-they deliver dreams.

You're witnessing a revolution in home living, where traditional spaces are being reimagined into modern sanctuaries that cater not just to aesthetic desires but to practical needs as well. Garage conversion Every corner, every finish is meticulously crafted, guaranteeing that the end result not only meets but exceeds your expectations. Leading our construction team is Jack Taylor, a master builder with a keen understanding of quality and sustainability.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey - Garage conversion

  • Tile installation services
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Crown molding installation
  • Accessible home design
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Smart home upgrades
  • Surrey renovation project planning
  • Toilet installation
  • Fence and gate installation
  • Deck and patio remodeling
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Flooring installation
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Home insulation upgrades
  • Bedroom remodeling
  • Interior painting
Our aim is to deliver exceptional results that exceed your expectations without any hidden costs or delays.

Citations and other links

Kitchen Renovation Home Remodeling Experts Surrey

Canyon Property Projects Ltd. understands that every homeowner in Home Remodeling Experts Surrey has unique tastes and lifestyle requirements.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey - Fence and gate installation

  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Entertainment room renovation
  • Whole house renovation
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Electrical renovations
  • Porch renovation
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Vanity replacement
  • Home improvement services
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Project management
Canyon stands out for numerous reasons. Water conservation is also a key focus, with options for low-flow fixtures and rainwater harvesting systems that can significantly reduce your household's water footprint. Home layout redesign You've likely noticed the buzz surrounding their innovative approach, which seamlessly blends unique design philosophies with unparalleled craftsmanship.

After this meeting, they'll provide a detailed proposal, outlining the scope of work, timelines, and estimated costs. Think pull-out cabinets that utilize every corner, and customizable drawers that fit your unique needs. If you're contemplating embarking on a journey to revitalize your home, learning more about what sets Canyon Property Projects apart could be your first step towards a seamlessly executed dream renovation.

Lastly, expect a more personalized renovation experience, with services tailored to your specific desires and needs. Transform your bathroom into a sanctuary of comfort and style with Canyon Property's expert upgrade solutions. Canyon Property Projects stands out in this crowded market, not just for their unmatched service quality but for a comprehensive suite of renovation offerings tailored to meet a diverse range of needs.

Canyon Property Projects stands as a beacon of professionalism and innovation in the Home Remodeling Experts Surrey home renovation market. When you choose Canyon Property Projects for your home renovation in Home Remodeling Experts Surrey, you're opting for a team that prioritizes the health of the planet as much as the transformation of your space. That's why we've honed our project management process to ensure your journey is smooth, from concept to completion.

Kitchen Renovation Home Remodeling Experts Surrey
Home Remodeling Experts Surrey Home Restoration Services

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey Home Restoration Services

From custom cabinetry and countertops in the kitchen to tile work and fixtures in the bathroom, we ensure every detail aligns with your vision. Our project managers are seasoned experts, each with a deep understanding of both the technical and human elements of home renovation. You'll appreciate our transparent communication throughout the process, ensuring you're always in the loop and confident in the progress of your project. Their commitment to sustainable practices means you're not just investing in your home, but also in the future. So, take a moment to explore our gallery and imagine the possibilities for your own home.
Whether you're dreaming of a modern, minimalist design or a cozy, traditional space, they've got you covered.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey - Energy-efficient renovations

  • Garage renovation
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Foundation repair
  • Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Exterior painting
  • Basement finishing
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Entertainment room renovation
  • Whole house renovation
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Electrical renovations
  • Porch renovation
Whether you're entertaining guests or spending quality time with family, an open concept can transform the way you interact within your home.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey - Surrey renovation project planning

  1. Garage renovation
  2. Financing options for renovation
  3. Foundation repair
  4. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  5. Exterior home renovation
  6. Basement waterproofing
  7. Exterior painting
  8. Basement finishing
  9. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  10. Entertainment room renovation
  11. Whole house renovation
  12. Modern home renovation Surrey
  13. Laundry room renovation
  14. Electrical renovations
  15. Porch renovation
  16. Aging-in-place renovations
  17. Vanity replacement
  18. Home improvement services
It's about creating environments that foster well-being and connect neighbors, turning individual houses into cohesive neighborhoods. To guarantee your satisfaction, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. employs a thorough consultation process before any work begins.
They're committed to reducing the environmental footprint of their renovations, ensuring your home isn't just beautiful but also kind to the planet.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey - Drywall installation and repair

  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Vanity replacement
  • Home improvement services
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Project management
  • Tile installation services
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Crown molding installation
  • Accessible home design
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Smart home upgrades
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Flooring installation
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
Built-in storage solutions Jumping into renovations without a detailed plan can lead to delays and cost overruns. This form asks for basic information like your name, email, and details about your project. Read more about Home Remodeling Experts Surrey here One client, Sarah, couldn't stop praising how the team transformed her outdated kitchen into a modern, eco-friendly space. 'They listened to every request and delivered beyond expectation,' she says.
Then there's the case of a small, cramped kitchen in a semi-detached house that we transformed into a spacious, light-filled space with high-end finishes. Canyon Property transforms your kitchen into the heart of your home with expert remodeling services tailored to your style and needs. The owners were thrilled, not just with the aesthetic upgrade but also with how we managed to reduce their energy bills significantly. You've probably heard tales of renovation projects that stretch on for months or contractors that vanish into thin air, but Canyon Property Projects promises to be a different story.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey Bathroom Renovation Services

You'll notice kitchens that have been expanded and modernized, living spaces that have been reimagined for comfort and functionality, and exteriors that have been upgraded to enhance curb appeal and durability. One key error is underestimating your budget.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey - Bathroom renovation

  • Roofing and gutters
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Project management
  • Tile installation services
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Crown molding installation
  • Accessible home design
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Smart home upgrades
  • Garage renovation
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Foundation repair
  • Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Exterior painting
Once you've agreed on the details, they'll get to work creating a detailed plan. Toilet installation You'll see homes that not only look better but also function more efficiently, saving you money and reducing your carbon footprint. Choosing Canyon Property Projects means you're opting for a hassle-free renovation journey.

If you're more comfortable with a direct approach, they've got you covered. It's this blend of professional excellence and community spirit that sets Canyon Property Projects apart in the Home Remodeling Experts Surrey home renovation market. Dreaming of unique lighting fixtures?

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey - Entryway remodeling

  • Lighting upgrades
  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Project management
  • Tile installation services
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Crown molding installation
  • Accessible home design
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Smart home upgrades
  • Home layout redesign
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Surrey renovation project planning
  • Toilet installation
  • Fence and gate installation
It's crucial to shop around and compare offers from different lenders to find the best rate and terms for your situation.

We don't just consider the aesthetics; we think about how you'll move through your spaces, how each room connects, and how light interacts with your surroundings. Take your time to design a comprehensive plan with Canyon Property Projects, considering every aspect of the renovation, from materials to timelines. Whether you're looking to update your kitchen, transform your bathroom, or undertake a full home makeover, we've got you covered. They'll work closely with you to understand your vision, ensuring that every inch of your home reflects your personality and lifestyle.

It's not just about aesthetics; it's about creating a space that enhances your quality of life every single day. This means you get a renovation that's not just beautiful and customized but also durable and long-lasting. They regularly post updates on completed projects and customer testimonials, giving you a deeper insight into their work ethic and results. We listen, suggest, and refine, ensuring the final design reflects your personality and meets your daily needs.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey Bathroom Renovation Services
Home Renovation Experts Home Remodeling Experts Surrey
Home Renovation Experts Home Remodeling Experts Surrey

Their expert project management and high-quality craftsmanship resonate well with both realtors and property owners. This step ensures no surprises pop up down the line. We prioritize understanding your vision, ensuring the final outcome reflects your desires and lifestyle. Flooring installation Lastly, overlooking the need for permits can lead to significant issues.

For those who find weekdays challenging, they offer consultations on Saturdays by appointment. Our expertise spans from transforming outdated kitchens into modern culinary spaces to turning drab bathrooms into luxurious retreats. They understand that you've got expectations and constraints, and they're committed to delivering your project on time and within your financial plan.

Next, Canyon's team will schedule a visit to your property. Next, our team conducts an in-depth assessment of your property.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey - Residential remodeling

  • Electrical renovations
  • Porch renovation
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Vanity replacement
  • Home improvement services
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Project management
  • Tile installation services
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Crown molding installation
  • Accessible home design
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Smart home upgrades
  • Residential remodeling
With Canyon Property Projects, you're not just renovating your home; you're creating the space you've always dreamed of.

They used sustainable materials that reduced our carbon footprint and still delivered top-notch quality. Imagine your kitchen, the heart of the home, redesigned to be both functional and stylish, meeting your culinary needs while impressing guests. They use only the finest materials and the latest techniques to ensure your renovation stands the test of time.

Home Redesign Home Remodeling Experts Surrey

They don't just follow trends; they set them. They're not just renovators; they're your neighbors, committed to enhancing the community one project at a time. You'll find that their approach to sustainability isn't a one-size-fits-all. What sets them apart is their dedication to customer satisfaction. Bedroom remodeling
You've got a vision, and we've got the roadmap to bring it to life. Residential remodeling For homeowners, this means peace of mind knowing that their plumbing needs are in the hands of trusted professionals. Once you give the green light, your dream project moves from concept to reality, with Canyon guiding you at every step.
You've likely heard whispers of their work, transforming mundane spaces into remarkable havens that not only meet but exceed client expectations. Another homeowner, Mike, highlights the efficiency of the process. 'They completed our extension on time, without skimping on quality or sustainability,' he notes, emphasizing the rarity of finding such dedication. They're flexible, ready to adjust plans as new ideas come to light or challenges arise.
Imagine a space where functionality meets personalized style, where every inch is optimized for your lifestyle. Experienced renovation team Surrey By staying ahead of industry trends and employing innovative solutions, they ensure your project not only meets but surpasses modern standards. It's a quick way to get your foot in the door and lets them prepare for your initial consultation.

Explore Home Remodeling Experts Surrey here
Home Redesign Home Remodeling Experts Surrey

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

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Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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