Home Repair Surrey

Home Repair Surrey

Closet renovations

It's not just about the before and after; it's about understanding the journey between. Read more about Home Repair Surrey here To guarantee your satisfaction, Canyon Property Projects Ltd.

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  • Foundation repair
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Attic renovation
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Soaking tub installation
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  • Custom design-build services
  • Deck and patio remodeling
  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Closet renovations
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Flooring installation
  • Interior remodeling
employs a thorough consultation process before any work begins. In addition, the designs will focus on maximizing space and enhancing natural light, making your home feel more open and connected to the outdoors. From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, we're with you every step of the way. Learn more about Home Repair Surrey here
This initial contact is your opportunity to discuss your vision, the scope of your project, and any specific requirements or challenges you foresee. Learn more about Custom home renovation Surrey BC here. Whether you're dreaming of a modern kitchen makeover, an expansive new living area, or a luxurious bathroom upgrade, we've got the expertise to bring your vision to life. Firstly, we'll sit down with you for a thorough consultation.

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    Before a single tool is picked up, we sit down with you to understand your desires, needs, and the functionalities you envision for your space. This step is crucial for aligning your dreams with the reality of the space and structural possibilities. Meet our team of seasoned experts who bring your dream home renovations to life with unmatched skill and creativity.
    They've taken a hands-on approach to make a difference, whether it's by sponsoring local sports teams, participating in charity events, or offering their expertise to help with community-led improvement projects. You'll find that our services extend beyond mere aesthetics. We're here to bring your vision to life, with expertise, care, and attention to detail at every step.

    That's why we're dedicated to offering custom renovation solutions that align with your specific desires and requirements. They're committed to reducing the environmental footprint of their renovations, ensuring your home isn't just beautiful but also kind to the planet. Firstly, their team's expertise ensures your project is in capable hands. They understand that a bathroom renovation isn't just about aesthetics but also about functionality.

    As we peel back the layers of Canyon Property Projects' success story, you'll discover there's more than meets the eye, inviting you to explore how they've become a pillar in Home Repair Surrey's home renovation scene. Imagine controlling your home's lighting, security, and climate with just a few taps on your smartphone. They'll keep you in the loop at every stage, ensuring there are no surprises.

    It's not just about aesthetics; it's about creating a space that feels right for you. Whether it's integrating hidden storage spaces in unexpected places or installing advanced lighting systems that adapt to your mood and the time of day, we're here to ensure your home renovation is as unique as you are. We promise you a journey filled with discovery, innovation, and satisfaction at every turn.

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    • Painting and wall finishes
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    • Electrical renovations
    • Toilet installation
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    • Home office renovation
    • Drywall installation and repair
    • Permit and code compliance
    • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
    • Surrey renovation project planning


    When you're ready to bring your vision to life, we're here to make it happen with the same dedication and craftsmanship displayed in our gallery. They'll discuss your preferences, lifestyle, and any unique elements you want to incorporate. This approach not only lessens your carbon footprint but also cuts down your utility bills, making it a win-win situation.

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    Citations and other links

    Sustainable Home Renovation Home Repair Surrey

    Ensure you understand the local regulations and obtain the necessary permits before starting any work. Building on the concept of multifunctional living spaces, let's explore how your kitchen can also undergo an innovative transformation to become the heart of your home.

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    1. Kitchen renovation
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    6. Home office renovation
    7. Drywall installation and repair
    8. Permit and code compliance
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    10. Surrey renovation project planning
    11. Landscaping and hardscaping
    12. Home theater installation
    13. Kitchen cabinet replacement
    14. Fireplace remodeling
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    16. Home insulation upgrades
    17. Garage conversion
    Low-flow toilets, showerheads, and faucets are standard in their renovations, helping you save on water bills while preserving this precious resource.

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    • Home layout redesign
    • Bedroom remodeling
    • Fence and gate installation
    • Walk-in shower installation
    • Staircase renovation
    • Project management
    • Living room renovation
    • Local home renovators Surrey
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    • Structural renovation
    • Modern home renovation Surrey
    • Countertop installation
    • Roofing and gutters
    • Exterior siding replacement
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    Here's what you need to do.

    They're all ears, ensuring every detail of your vision is captured. With us, you're not just getting a contractor; you're gaining a partner committed to bringing your vision to life with precision, quality, and care. It's clear that Canyon Property Projects isn't just transforming homes; we're also making a positive impact on the environment and our clients' lives.

    They're adept at navigating the challenges that often accompany renovations, ensuring smooth transitions from one phase to the next.

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    What sets Canyon Property apart is their commitment to transparency. Wall removal services Residents have come to know that when they see the Canyon Property Projects sign, they're in for a service that's both professional and personalized.

    This commitment is at the heart of their service. This form asks for basic information like your name, email, and details about your project. You've consistently gone above and beyond to ensure your projects not only meet but exceed expectations.

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    Kitchen Renovation Specialists Home Repair Surrey

    Kitchen Renovation Specialists Home Repair Surrey

    What sets Canyon Property Projects Ltd.

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    apart is their commitment to quality and attention to detail. From water-efficient toilets to luxurious rainfall showerheads, they'll help you select the best products that blend form with function. Once the plan's set, we'll guide you through the selection of materials and finishes, balancing quality with your budget. Clients consistently highlight the team's communication, transparency, and ability to tackle unforeseen challenges with ease. 'They kept us in the loop every step of the way, making what could have been a stressful time, a truly enjoyable experience,' says another grateful homeowner. Canyon Property Projects stands out in this crowded market, not just for their unmatched service quality but for a comprehensive suite of renovation offerings tailored to meet a diverse range of needs.

    Like a chef renowned for their signature dishes, Canyon Property Projects has carved out a reputation in Home Repair Surrey as the go-to company for home renovations, blending quality craftsmanship with a personalized touch. Exterior siding replacement Following this, Canyon Property presents you with detailed plans, including 3D renderings when necessary, to give you a clear picture of the proposed transformation. Choosing Canyon Property for your renovation needs means investing in unparalleled expertise and quality, ensuring your Home Repair Surrey home transformation is in the best hands. Our team of skilled professionals is equipped with the latest tools and techniques to deliver high-quality workmanship that not only meets but exceeds your expectations.

    This is where your feedback comes into play. Whether it's a small update or a major overhaul, their project management is designed to be flexible, responsive, and, most importantly, centered around you. Canyon Property Projects Ltd's commitment to personalized design solutions means your renovated home won't just be functional and beautiful. If you're intrigued by the prospect of elevating your home with innovative and thoughtful designs, you'll want to discover more about how Canyon Property Projects Ltd can bring your vision to life.

    Canyon Property leverages cutting-edge technologies to elevate your renovation project. Whether it's transforming a dated kitchen into a culinary haven, turning an old bathroom into a spa-like retreat, or undertaking a full-scale home renovation, their team brings a blend of creativity, craftsmanship, and attention to detail that sets them apart. For homeowners, this means peace of mind knowing that their plumbing needs are in the hands of trusted professionals. Let's explore together how Canyon Property Projects could be the missing piece in turning your property dreams into reality.

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    From smart appliances that save time and energy to digital assistants that help with recipes and reminders, your kitchen becomes an efficient and enjoyable place to spend time in.

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    1. Backsplash installation
    2. Built-in storage solutions
    3. Renovation contractors
    4. Home addition services
    5. Door installation
    6. Vanity replacement
    7. Plumbing upgrades
    8. Hardwood floor refinishing
    9. Sunroom addition
    10. Foundation repair
    11. Outdoor kitchen installation
    12. Attic renovation
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    14. Soaking tub installation
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    Canyon Property doesn't stop at aesthetics; they ensure that each space is optimized for comfort, energy efficiency, and longevity. When you choose us, you're not just getting a renovation service; you're partnering with a team that puts your satisfaction at the forefront of everything we do.

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    • Basement finishing
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    Firstly, visit their website to fill out a contact form.

    You'll find their team eager to discuss your project, whether you're contemplating a simple update or a comprehensive remodel. Regular updates keep you in the loop, ensuring the project stays on track and within budget. So, when it's time to renovate, trust us to deliver a home that's as beautiful as it's well-made. Plumbing upgrades

    Lastly, expect a more personalized renovation experience, with services tailored to your specific desires and needs. Hearing directly from satisfied customers, you'll quickly realize why Canyon Property is the go-to choice for eco-conscious home renovations in Home Repair Surrey. Jack's hands-on approach guarantees that every renovation isn't just visually stunning but built to last, marrying craftsmanship with eco-friendly practices.

    With a keen eye for detail, their team ensures every tile, fixture, and feature aligns perfectly with your preferences and the latest trends. Canyon stands out for numerous reasons. Our goal is to create spaces that aren't only visually stunning but also functionally advanced.

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    Home Repair Surrey Luxury Home Renovations

    If you're more comfortable with a direct approach, they've got you covered. Whether you're dreaming of a modern, minimalist design or a cozy, traditional space, they've got you covered. With a keen eye for detail, they'll ensure every aspect of your kitchen, from the cabinets to the backsplash, is tailored to your taste and needs. Having explored our commitment to sustainability, let's now walk you through the steps involved in our renovation process.

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    • Deck and patio remodeling
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    With Canyon Property, you're not just getting a service; you're partnering with experts who make your kitchen renovation experience seamless and enjoyable.

    At Canyon Property Projects, we understand that managing a home renovation can feel like steering a ship through a storm. They're not just there to oversee the work; they're there to answer your questions, address your concerns, and adjust plans on the fly to accommodate any changes you might want to make. From elevating functional living spaces to ensuring every client's satisfaction, their commitment to excellence sets a new benchmark. Our team employs advanced insulation techniques and energy-efficient windows to lower your home's energy consumption.

    It allows them to assess the space, take measurements, and envisage your ideas in the physical environment. Understanding your unique lifestyle and personal taste, Canyon Property specializes in creating customized living spaces that perfectly align with your vision and needs. This transparency builds trust and ensures the final outcome aligns with your expectations. John and Lisa G. echoed similar sentiments. 'We were worried about the renovation process, but Canyon Property Projects made it seamless. Closet renovations

    You'll find that their approach to kitchen remodeling focuses on combining functionality with aesthetics. Choosing Canyon Property Projects means you're opting for a hassle-free renovation journey. They don't just change the aesthetics; they're redefining how personalized design solutions can significantly enhance your living experience. That's why they're leading the charge in creating customized home renovations that not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of your living space but also improve its functionality to suit your daily life.

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    Another challenge is staying within budget. It's the precision in our work that sets your property apart, ensuring every corner, joint, and finish reflects our dedication to excellence. You'll find their team proactive in identifying potential issues before they become problems, saving you time and money. So, if you're looking to break free from the mundane and embrace a home that's tailor-made for you, they're the team to call.
    They're not just overseers; they're your partners, dedicated to bringing your vision to life with precision and care. That's why we've honed our project management process to ensure your journey is smooth, from concept to completion. Moreover, communication is at the heart of their approach.
    They're not just about making your space look good; they're dedicated to making sure you feel good about it, too. Once you give the green light, our team swings into action, obtaining necessary permits to ensure your project complies with local regulations and standards.

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    Embarking on a renovation journey transforms your space from the familiar to the extraordinary, starting with a detailed plan that aligns with your vision.
    Getting started with them is straightforward and designed to align with your specific needs from the outset. Wall removal services Imagine your living room doubling as a cozy home office during the day or your spare bedroom serving as both a guest room and a creative studio. You'll find that their commitment to enhancing the local community reflects in the quality and care they put into every renovation project.

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    Home Repair Surrey Home Design and Renovation

    A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

    In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

    Description

    [edit]

    A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

    A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

    Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

    Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

    Responsibilities

    [edit]

    A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

    It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

    A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

    The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

    United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

    [edit]

    In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

    General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

    United States and Asia usage

    [edit]

    In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

    Prime contractor

    [edit]

    Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

    Licensing requirements

    [edit]

    Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

    With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

    In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

    Licensing qualifications

    [edit]

    Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

    General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

    Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

    General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

    General contractor example

    [edit]

    A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

    See also

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
    2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
    3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
    4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
    5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
    6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
    7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
    8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
    9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
    10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
    11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
    12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
    13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
    14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

    Sources

    [edit]

    Polybutylene
    Names
    Other names
    polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
    Identifiers
    ChemSpider
    • none
    ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
    Properties
    (C4H8)n
    Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
    Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
    Related compounds
    Related compounds
    1-butene (monomer)
    Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
    ☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

    Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

    Production

    [edit]

    Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

    Catalysts

    [edit]

    Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

    Characteristics

    [edit]

    PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

    PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

    Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

    Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

    PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

    Some properties:[7]

    Application areas

    [edit]

    Piping systems

    [edit]

    The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

    PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

    Plastic packaging

    [edit]

    Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

    • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
    • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

    Hot melt adhesives

    [edit]

    PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

    Compounding and masterbatches

    [edit]

    PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

    Thermal insulation

    [edit]

    PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

    Other applications

    [edit]

    Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

    Environmental longevity

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    Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

    One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

    International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

    Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

    [edit]

    Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

    Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

    In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

    There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

    Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

    See also

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
    2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
    3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
    4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
    5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
    6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
    7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
    8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
    9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
    10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
    11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
    12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
    13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
    14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
    15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
    16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
    17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
    18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
    19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
    20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
    21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
    22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
    23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

    Further reading

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