Home Upgrade Surrey

Home Upgrade Surrey

Door installation

You'll soon be able to control and adjust every element of your house, from the wall colors and lighting to the layout, with just a few clicks on your smartphone or voice commands. As you're contemplating transforming your space, it's essential to consider not only a team's history of success but also their capability to expand and adapt to new trends and demands.

Home Upgrade Surrey - Bedroom remodeling

  1. Aging-in-place renovations
  2. Permit and code compliance
  3. Best renovation experts Surrey
  4. Residential remodeling
  5. Entryway remodeling
  6. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  7. Project management
  8. Tile installation services
  9. Green home remodeling
  10. Walk-in shower installation
  11. Staircase renovation
  12. Attic renovation
  13. Garage conversion
  14. Modern home renovation Surrey
  15. Fence and gate installation
  16. Toilet installation
  17. Baseboard and trim renovation
Ignoring the importance of hiring professionals is also a pitfall. Learn more about Custom home renovation Surrey BC here. Let these images inspire your next home project and imagine the possibilities. Learn more about Home Upgrade Surrey here
We also understand the importance of personalization. After this initial consultation, Canyon will provide you with a detailed proposal. Canyon Property Projects Ltd tailors every design to fit your unique style and needs, ensuring your home renovation truly reflects who you are.
This layout not only maximizes your space but also fosters a more connected living environment. You'll receive a clear outline of the work to be done, materials needed, and a projected timeline. Plus, their email is always open for inquiries, allowing you to get detailed information at your own pace.
Their team didn't just meet our expectations; they exceeded them, ensuring every detail reflected our personal style while emphasizing sustainability.'Mike and Jenna R. Read more about Home Upgrade Surrey here recount, 'We were impressed with how Canyon Property Projects managed our home addition. It's not just about a makeover; it's about creating a space that reflects your personality and meets your lifestyle needs. One client, Sarah, couldn't stop praising how the team transformed her outdated kitchen into a modern, eco-friendly space. 'They listened to every request and delivered beyond expectation,' she says.

Each option has its pros and cons, so it's about finding the right fit for your project and financial situation. Need custom cabinetry? With us, you're not just renovating your property; you're crafting a space that tells your story, designed exclusively for you.

Home Upgrade Surrey - Laundry room renovation

  1. Drywall installation and repair
  2. Full-service renovation Surrey
  3. Foundation repair
  4. Local home renovators Surrey
  5. Home layout redesign
  6. Laundry room renovation
  7. Electrical renovations
  8. Energy-efficient renovations
  9. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  10. Hardwood floor refinishing
  11. Aging-in-place renovations
  12. Permit and code compliance
  13. Best renovation experts Surrey
  14. Residential remodeling
  15. Entryway remodeling
  16. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  17. Project management
  18. Tile installation services
Building on our commitment to high-quality craftsmanship, Canyon Property Projects offers a comprehensive range of services to turn your renovation dreams into reality. It's testimonials like these that underscore the company's reputation as a leader in eco-conscious renovations, solidifying its place as the preferred choice for homeowners in Home Upgrade Surrey looking to enhance their living spaces responsibly.

Don't overlook this; it can prevent stressful financial surprises down the line. They've got a knack for seamlessly integrating tech solutions with hands-on expertise, which means you're not just getting a contractor; you're getting a finely-tuned team dedicated to making your vision a reality without the usual stress.

Home Upgrade Surrey - Fireplace remodeling

  1. Structural renovation
  2. Porch renovation
  3. Vanity replacement
  4. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  5. Home insulation upgrades
  6. Entertainment room renovation
  7. Surrey heritage home restoration
  8. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  9. Bathroom renovation
  10. Home addition services
  11. Roofing and gutters
  12. Basement suite construction
  13. Countertop installation
  14. Home energy audit
  15. Backsplash installation
  16. Living room renovation
  17. Fireplace remodeling
Canyon Property Projects Ltd. understands that every homeowner in Home Upgrade Surrey has unique tastes and lifestyle requirements. Imagine your kitchen, once cramped and outdated, now an expansive, state-of-the-art culinary studio where you can unleash your gourmet skills.

Another homeowner, Greg, mentioned, 'They transformed our outdated living room into a modern, cozy space. Canyon Property Projects deeply values its role in the Home Upgrade Surrey community, actively participating in local initiatives to strengthen neighborhood bonds and enhance the area's overall well-being. If you've built up equity in your home, this can be a cost-effective way to borrow, often offering lower interest rates than personal loans or credit cards.

Home Upgrade Surrey - Local home renovators Surrey

  • Structural renovation
  • Porch renovation
  • Vanity replacement
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Home insulation upgrades
  • Entertainment room renovation
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Home improvement ideas Surrey
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Home addition services
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Basement suite construction
  • Countertop installation
  • Home energy audit
  • Home layout redesign
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Electrical renovations
In a market as competitive as Home Upgrade Surrey's, standing out for the right reasons is crucial.

They're not satisfied until you're looking at your newly renovated space with complete satisfaction. Your vision becomes our blueprint during our tailored design process, ensuring every detail reflects your personal style and needs. Laundry room renovation From the initial concept to the final touches, our tailored design solutions are about making your home uniquely yours. So, take a moment to explore our gallery and imagine the possibilities for your own home.

Citations and other links

Home Upgrade Surrey Bathroom Renovation Services

Opting for Canyon Property for your home renovation in Home Upgrade Surrey ensures you're choosing a partner dedicated to transforming your vision into reality with unmatched precision and care. At Canyon Property Projects, you'll find just that-a group of experienced workers whose expertise spans across every aspect of home renovation. Canyon prides itself on keeping you informed and involved, making sure your renovation is tailored just for you. They work closely with you, considering your preferences, needs, and the unique characteristics of your space to design and execute renovations that aren't only beautiful but also practical.

You'll see a stunning array of homes that have gone from outdated or unremarkable to absolutely breathtaking. They recognize that no two projects are the same, and your vision requires a bespoke plan to bring it to life. Our team's meticulously planned approach means you won't be left guessing what's next. Sustainable renovation materials

Our team's expertise means we're adept at navigating challenges that might stymie less experienced crews, turning potential obstacles into opportunities for innovation. Our expertise spans from transforming outdated kitchens into modern culinary spaces to turning drab bathrooms into luxurious retreats. From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, you're involved in every step, ensuring that your needs and preferences shape the project's direction.

Budgets and timelines are treated with the utmost respect. Whether it's integrating hidden workstations into kitchen areas or creating convertible play spaces for children, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. is setting a new standard in making every square foot of your home work smarter, not harder. Choosing custom renovations means you're involved in the decision-making process from start to finish.

Home Upgrade Surrey Bathroom Renovation Services
Home Upgrade Surrey Construction And Renovation

Home Upgrade Surrey Construction And Renovation

At Canyon Property Projects, we don't just build spaces; we create environments that you'll love for years to come.

Home Upgrade Surrey - Bedroom remodeling

  • Green home remodeling
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Staircase renovation
  • Attic renovation
  • Garage conversion
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Fence and gate installation
  • Toilet installation
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Structural renovation
  • Porch renovation
  • Vanity replacement
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Home insulation upgrades
  • Entertainment room renovation
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Home improvement ideas Surrey
  • Bathroom renovation
Our team of experienced professionals works diligently, respecting your home and timeline, to minimize disruptions. Bathroom tile renovation Jenny, who'd her entire home renovated, mentions, 'The attention to detail and the seamless integration of sustainable materials blew us away. Backsplash installation At Canyon Property Projects, you'll find that exceptional quality doesn't have to come with a hefty price tag.

Once you give the green light, your dream project moves from concept to reality, with Canyon guiding you at every step. Understanding your project's unique demands, Canyon Property Projects implements a tailored project management approach to ensure your renovation dreams are realized efficiently and effectively. Next, you'll receive a transparent quote, breaking down costs without any hidden fees, ensuring you're informed and comfortable before any work begins.

It's about creating environments that foster well-being and connect neighbors, turning individual houses into cohesive neighborhoods. Think pull-out cabinets that utilize every corner, and customizable drawers that fit your unique needs. Home layout redesign This isn't a distant dream anymore; it's quickly becoming the norm.

But it's not just about aesthetics. They're not just renovators; they're your neighbors, committed to enhancing the community one project at a time. Moreover, Canyon Property prioritizes your renovation experience.

Commercial Interior Design Home Upgrade Surrey

You've likely seen their signs dotting the lawns of the most picturesque neighborhoods, signaling a transformation underway from basic plumbing upgrades to full-scale renovations. Window replacement Whether you're looking to enhance your curb appeal with a new deck or patio or need comprehensive landscaping services, we've got you covered. Electrical renovations They focus on using eco-friendly materials that are both durable and sustainable. Stay with us as we unveil the layers of dedication and creativity that make Canyon Property Projects the first choice among Home Upgrade Surrey residents, and perhaps, why they should be yours too.

We're over the moon with the results!'Another client, Mike D., highlighted the personalized approach. 'The team didn't just offer generic solutions. Luxury home remodeling Surrey Understanding your unique style and preferences is at the heart of our personalized design approach, ensuring your renovation truly reflects who you are. Our commitment to excellence extends beyond the aesthetics, focusing on functionality and durability.

You'll find that our team doesn't just manage tasks; we anticipate challenges, communicate proactively, and adapt swiftly to any changes, ensuring minimal disruption to your daily life.

Home Upgrade Surrey - Surrey custom home upgrades

  1. Home addition services
  2. Roofing and gutters
  3. Basement suite construction
  4. Countertop installation
  5. Home energy audit
  6. Foundation repair
  7. Local home renovators Surrey
  8. Home layout redesign
  9. Laundry room renovation
  10. Electrical renovations
  11. Energy-efficient renovations
  12. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  13. Hardwood floor refinishing
  14. Aging-in-place renovations
  15. Permit and code compliance
We'll also discuss your budget and timeline, ensuring everything aligns with your expectations from the get-go. That's why they're dedicated to not only enhancing its functionality but also its warmth and welcoming atmosphere.

We're not just building or renovating a space; we're bringing your dream home to life, and our project management expertise guarantees we'll do it right, on time, and within budget.

Home Upgrade Surrey - Laundry room renovation

  • Best renovation experts Surrey
  • Residential remodeling
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Project management
  • Tile installation services
  • Green home remodeling
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Staircase renovation
  • Attic renovation
  • Garage conversion
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Fence and gate installation
  • Toilet installation
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
It's this blend of professional excellence and community spirit that sets Canyon Property Projects apart in the Home Upgrade Surrey home renovation market. The future of home renovation is about creating spaces that reflect your lifestyle and values, with a nod towards sustainability and innovation.

Commercial Interior Design Home Upgrade Surrey
Affordable Interior Design Home Upgrade Surrey
Affordable Interior Design Home Upgrade Surrey

For families needing to accommodate remote work or homeschooling, Canyon incorporates smart storage solutions and adaptable furniture into their designs. Their approach intertwines expert project management with a team of skilled professionals, ensuring every detail is meticulously crafted.

Home Upgrade Surrey - Drywall installation and repair

  1. Entryway remodeling
  2. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  3. Project management
  4. Tile installation services
  5. Green home remodeling
  6. Walk-in shower installation
  7. Staircase renovation
  8. Attic renovation
  9. Garage conversion
  10. Modern home renovation Surrey
  11. Fence and gate installation
  12. Toilet installation
  13. Baseboard and trim renovation
  14. Structural renovation
  15. Porch renovation
  16. Vanity replacement
  17. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  18. Home insulation upgrades
  19. Entertainment room renovation
  20. Surrey heritage home restoration
From custom cabinetry in the kitchen to intricately designed bathroom tiles, they're all about elevating your space to the next level. You've got a vision for your home, and Canyon Property Projects Ltd.

Home Upgrade Surrey - Local home renovators Surrey

  • Door installation
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Bedroom remodeling
  • Surrey custom home upgrades
  • Backsplash installation
  • Living room renovation
  • Fireplace remodeling
  • Window replacement
  • Bathroom tile renovation
  • Smart home upgrades
  • Drywall installation and repair
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Foundation repair
is here to bring it to life.

Through volunteer projects and partnerships with local organizations, Canyon Property Projects invests time and resources into initiatives that matter to you and your neighbors. We always felt informed and involved in the decision-making, making it a truly collaborative experience.' Canyon Property Projects' emphasis on client involvement ensures that the final outcome reflects the homeowner's vision, further cementing their reputation for customer satisfaction. Trust them to not just renovate your house, but to transform it into a home that reflects your personality and meets your evolving needs.

This dynamic method ensures that the end result isn't just what you asked for; it's more than you imagined. In Home Upgrade Surrey, a wave of innovative home renovations is transforming how residents live, elevating both style and functionality to new heights. Understanding the busy lives of their clients, Canyon Property Projects operates with extended hours.

With Canyon Property Projects, overcoming these challenges is part of the journey to creating your dream home. From bespoke cabinetry in your kitchen to the intricate tile work in your bathroom, our craftsmanship brings your vision to life with an elegance and durability that lasts. From recycled wood for flooring to non-toxic paints, Canyon Property chooses products that minimize harm to the environment.

Modern Home Remodeling Home Upgrade Surrey

You're involved every step of the way, from the initial sketches to the final approval. There are no surprises or hidden fees, just a clear, concise plan of action tailored to fit your budget and timeline. We're committed to not just meeting, but exceeding your expectations, ensuring that every detail, no matter how small, is perfect. Imagine your kitchen, the heart of the home, redesigned to be both functional and stylish, meeting your culinary needs while impressing guests.
They finished ahead of schedule, and the results were beyond our dreams,' they shared. We're not just about aesthetics; we also prioritize functionality, ensuring that your new spaces not only look beautiful but also work seamlessly for your lifestyle. Following your initial inquiry, Canyon schedules a consultation to dive deeper into your project.
Dive into our Before and After Gallery to witness the transformative power of Canyon Property Projects firsthand. You've likely heard whispers of their work, transforming mundane spaces into remarkable havens that not only meet but exceed client expectations.

Home Upgrade Surrey - Bathroom tile renovation

  1. Home energy audit
  2. Bedroom remodeling
  3. Surrey custom home upgrades
  4. Backsplash installation
  5. Living room renovation
  6. Fireplace remodeling
  7. Window replacement
  8. Bathroom tile renovation
  9. Smart home upgrades
  10. Drywall installation and repair
  11. Full-service renovation Surrey
  12. Foundation repair
  13. Local home renovators Surrey
  14. Home layout redesign
  15. Laundry room renovation
  16. Electrical renovations
  17. Energy-efficient renovations
  18. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  19. Hardwood floor refinishing
But it's not just about ticking boxes; it's about quality.
Their commitment to sustainable practices means you're not just investing in your home, but also in the future. Jumping into renovations without a detailed plan can lead to delays and cost overruns.

Home Upgrade Surrey - Door installation

  • Home improvement ideas Surrey
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Home addition services
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Basement suite construction
  • Countertop installation
  • Home energy audit
  • Window replacement
  • Bathroom tile renovation
  • Smart home upgrades
  • Drywall installation and repair
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Foundation repair
  • Local home renovators Surrey
  • Home layout redesign
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Electrical renovations
Our outdoor projects focus on drought-resistant landscaping, promoting a greener, more resilient outdoor space.

Explore Home Upgrade Surrey here
Modern Home Remodeling Home Upgrade Surrey

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

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Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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Frequently Asked Questions

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