Surrey Home Makeover Services

Surrey Home Makeover Services

Experienced renovation team Surrey

Trust us to transform your home with custom solutions that blend beauty, functionality, and durability. Learn more about Surrey Home Makeover Services here As you contemplate giving your space a facelift or embarking on a more ambitious renovation journey, understanding what sets Canyon apart in an industry rife with tales of woe could be the first step towards a successful partnership. We prioritize understanding your vision, ensuring the final outcome reflects your desires and lifestyle. They were professional, timely, and the attention to detail was incredible.' This sentiment echoes across numerous testimonials, where clients praise the team's professionalism, reliability, and exceptional craftsmanship.
This isn't just about blueprints and budgets; it's about capturing the essence of what you want your living space to become. This flexibility means you won't have to put off your renovation dreams due to a tight schedule. Clients rave about their experiences, highlighting not just the quality of the work, but the team's commitment to sustainable practices.
When you choose Canyon Property Projects for your home renovation in Surrey Home Makeover Services, you're opting for a team that prioritizes the health of the planet as much as the transformation of your space. Learn more about Custom home renovation Surrey BC here. As trends evolve and the future of home customization beckons, understanding the common mistakes to avoid becomes paramount. They're not just renovating your space; they're enhancing your home's value and functionality.
Whether you're dreaming of a minimalist kitchen, a spa-like bathroom, or a vibrant living space, we're here to bring those visions to life. Imagine stepping into a home so meticulously renovated that it feels like you've walked into a page from your favorite design magazine; this is the standard Canyon Property Projects Ltd is setting in Surrey Home Makeover Services. Together, they make up a powerhouse team at Canyon Property Projects, dedicated to turning your renovation dreams into a reality with an unmatched level of expertise, passion, and precision. Permit and code compliance Kitchen renovation

With Canyon Property, you're also getting transparency in every aspect of the project. Home remodeling consultation Their project management approach is hands-on and proactive.

Citations and other links

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Take your time to design a comprehensive plan with Canyon Property Projects, considering every aspect of the renovation, from materials to timelines. They understand that your bathroom isn't just a functional space; it's a retreat-a place where you start and end your day. Experienced renovation team Surrey Our team then crafts a design plan tailored just for you, incorporating your feedback and preferences at every step. Canyon Property Projects is adept at adjusting schedules and finding solutions to keep your project moving forward.
Transforming your kitchen with these innovative ideas doesn't just elevate your home; it changes how you live in it. We couldn't be happier with the outcome.'Finally, Lisa G. notes, 'Their customer service is unmatched. Our skilled craftsmen take pride in their work, paying close attention to every detail to ensure the final product is nothing short of perfection.
This tech-savvy approach minimizes delays and ensures your renovation is completed to the highest standards. Read more about Surrey Home Makeover Services here This document outlines the project scope, timeline, and an accurate quotation. Window replacement Custom renovations offer a unique opportunity to tailor your home to your specific needs and preferences, ensuring every detail aligns with your vision.
You'll find that their expertise isn't just about fixing problems; it's about elevating your home's efficiency and sustainability. We source sustainable materials, such as bamboo flooring and recycled glass countertops, to minimize environmental impact without compromising on style or durability. Whether you're looking to update a single room or undertake a full-scale renovation, they work with you to find cost-effective solutions that meet your goals and financial parameters.

Affordable Remodeling Surrey Home Makeover Services
Surrey Home Makeover Services Home Remodeling Ideas

Surrey Home Makeover Services Home Remodeling Ideas

That's why we're dedicated to offering custom renovation solutions that align with your specific desires and requirements. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey They're committed to reducing the environmental footprint of their renovations, ensuring your home isn't just beautiful but also kind to the planet. Firstly, their team's expertise ensures your project is in capable hands. They understand that a bathroom renovation isn't just about aesthetics but also about functionality.

As we peel back the layers of Canyon Property Projects' success story, you'll discover there's more than meets the eye, inviting you to explore how they've become a pillar in Surrey Home Makeover Services's home renovation scene. Imagine controlling your home's lighting, security, and climate with just a few taps on your smartphone.

Surrey Home Makeover Services - Renovation contractors

  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Exterior siding replacement
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  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Surrey home renovation company
  • Basement waterproofing
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  • Home energy audit
  • Basement finishing
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  • Mudroom design
  • Exterior painting
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  • Wall removal services
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They'll keep you in the loop at every stage, ensuring there are no surprises.

It's not just about aesthetics; it's about creating a space that feels right for you. Whether it's integrating hidden storage spaces in unexpected places or installing advanced lighting systems that adapt to your mood and the time of day, we're here to ensure your home renovation is as unique as you are.

Surrey Home Makeover Services - Renovation contractors

  • Backsplash installation
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  • Home insulation upgrades
  • Whole house renovation
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  • Garage conversion
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Electrical renovations
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  • Fireplace remodeling
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We promise you a journey filled with discovery, innovation, and satisfaction at every turn.

When you're ready to bring your vision to life, we're here to make it happen with the same dedication and craftsmanship displayed in our gallery. They'll discuss your preferences, lifestyle, and any unique elements you want to incorporate. This approach not only lessens your carbon footprint but also cuts down your utility bills, making it a win-win situation.

Surrey Home Makeover Services Home Renovation Cost

We start by listening. Open concept renovation They listen carefully to your ideas and feedback throughout the process, adapting and evolving their approach to align with your changing needs and preferences. Unlike the one-size-fits-all solutions you might find elsewhere, they dive deep into understanding what you envision for your home. Moreover, we're committed to using high-quality materials and the latest techniques to guarantee that your renovation stands the test of time. You're also thinking about functionality, improving the flow of your home, and incorporating smart technology that enhances your day-to-day living.

The owner, an avid cook, couldn't be happier, telling us it's changed the way they use their home. This on-site consultation is crucial. Let's bring your vision to life with our comprehensive renovation services. When you embark on a renovation journey with them, you're not just getting a service; you're becoming part of a process that prioritizes your vision, comfort, and satisfaction above all else.

We also navigate the complexities of planning and permits, making the process as seamless as possible. We're proud to showcase our work in this format because it reflects our belief in transparency and quality. We've added advanced kitchen and bathroom remodeling to our repertoire, recognizing these spaces as crucial to a home's comfort and functionality. Lastly, they're harnessing the power of AI to predict and solve potential issues before they arise, streamlining the renovation process.

Throughout the renovation, you'll be in constant communication with our project manager, keeping you updated on progress and any adjustments needed along the way. This approach removes the stress and uncertainty that can often accompany renovation projects. We understand the importance of reducing our carbon footprint and strive to make eco-friendly choices from start to finish.

Surrey Home Makeover Services - Trusted renovation contractors Surrey

  1. Tile installation services
  2. Best renovation experts Surrey
  3. Attic renovation
  4. Lighting upgrades
  5. Home theater installation
  6. Custom cabinetry
  7. Vanity replacement
  8. Roofing and gutters
  9. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  10. Home addition services
  11. Countertop installation
  12. Full-service renovation Surrey
  13. Foundation repair
  14. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  15. Exterior siding replacement
  16. Renovation cost estimates
What sets Canyon Property apart is their commitment to not just meeting, but exceeding your expectations.

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Surrey Home Makeover Services Home Addition Services
Surrey Home Makeover Services Home Addition Services

Ensure you understand the local regulations and obtain the necessary permits before starting any work. Building on the concept of multifunctional living spaces, let's explore how your kitchen can also undergo an innovative transformation to become the heart of your home. Low-flow toilets, showerheads, and faucets are standard in their renovations, helping you save on water bills while preserving this precious resource. Here's what you need to do.

They're all ears, ensuring every detail of your vision is captured. Surrey heritage home restoration With us, you're not just getting a contractor; you're gaining a partner committed to bringing your vision to life with precision, quality, and care. It's clear that Canyon Property Projects isn't just transforming homes; we're also making a positive impact on the environment and our clients' lives.

They're adept at navigating the challenges that often accompany renovations, ensuring smooth transitions from one phase to the next. What sets Canyon Property apart is their commitment to transparency. Residents have come to know that when they see the Canyon Property Projects sign, they're in for a service that's both professional and personalized.

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  • Permit and code compliance
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  • Home insulation upgrades
  • Whole house renovation
  • Open concept renovation
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Garage conversion
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Electrical renovations
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Fireplace remodeling
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Soundproofing renovation
  • Closet renovations
  • Soaking tub installation
  • House remodeling experts


This commitment is at the heart of their service. This form asks for basic information like your name, email, and details about your project. You've consistently gone above and beyond to ensure your projects not only meet but exceed expectations.

Renovation and Remodeling Surrey Home Makeover Services

Moreover, we leverage the latest technology to enhance our project management capabilities. They keep you in the loop at every stage of the project, ensuring your kitchen remodel meets your exact specifications. Water conservation is another cornerstone of our sustainable practices. They regularly post updates on completed projects and customer testimonials, giving you a deeper insight into their work ethic and results. This isn't just about completing a project; it's about creating a space that feels like a true extension of you and your lifestyle.

Surrey Home Makeover Services - Permit and code compliance

  1. Laminate flooring installation
  2. Bathroom renovation
  3. Structural renovation
  4. Bedroom remodeling
  5. Garage renovation
  6. Aging-in-place renovations
  7. Entryway remodeling
  8. Tile installation services
  9. Best renovation experts Surrey
  10. Attic renovation
  11. Lighting upgrades
  12. Home theater installation
  13. Custom cabinetry
  14. Vanity replacement
  15. Roofing and gutters
  16. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  17. Home addition services
  18. Countertop installation
  19. Full-service renovation Surrey
  20. Foundation repair

Whether it's transforming a quaint living space into a modern oasis or revitalizing an old structure to meet contemporary standards, Canyon's success stories are a testament to their competitive pricing and deep community involvement. You'll receive a detailed breakdown of costs and a realistic project timeline, so you know exactly what to expect. That's why we've honed our approach to ensure your project runs smoothly, on time, and within budget. We pride ourselves on our ability to adapt and address any challenges swiftly, guaranteeing minimal disruption to your daily life.
What sets them apart is their commitment to not only meeting but exceeding your expectations. One standout example is the complete overhaul of a 1960s bungalow into a modern, energy-efficient family home.

Surrey Home Makeover Services - Renovation contractors

  • Home renovation
  • Laminate flooring installation
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Structural renovation
  • Bedroom remodeling
  • Garage renovation
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Tile installation services
  • Best renovation experts Surrey
  • Attic renovation
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Home theater installation
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Vanity replacement
  • Roofing and gutters
Canyon Property Projects Ltd. is pioneering these transformations in Surrey Home Makeover Services, ensuring your kitchen isn't just a place to cook but a centerpiece for gatherings, creativity, and comfort. We're talking about reclaimed wood that adds character to your space, low-VOC paints that keep the air quality in your home pristine, and energy-efficient lighting that cuts down on your utility bills.
Weather, supply chain issues, or discovering unforeseen problems once the walls are opened up can set back your timeline. Energy efficiency upgrades are another new area we're passionate about.

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  1. Hardwood floor refinishing
  2. Home improvement services
  3. Sunroom addition
  4. Crown molding installation
  5. Entertainment room renovation
  6. Project management
  7. Surrey custom home upgrades
  8. Eco-friendly renovations
  9. Door installation
  10. Plumbing upgrades
  11. Landscaping and hardscaping
  12. Backsplash installation
  13. Exterior home renovation
  14. Porch renovation
  15. Painting and wall finishes
  16. Laundry room renovation
  17. Surrey heritage home restoration
Canyon's team was professional, efficient, and their attention to detail was remarkable.' It's feedback like Sarah's that highlights the dedication and quality Canyon Property Projects brings to every project. But what sets them apart isn't just their craftsmanship-it's their approach to each project, ensuring every detail reflects the homeowner's vision and needs.

Explore Surrey Home Makeover Services here
Renovation and Remodeling Surrey Home Makeover Services

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
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Further reading

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Frequently Asked Questions

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